---
title: "How Uber Uses Zig"
date: 2022-05-20T16:51:21+03:00
slug: how-uber-uses-zig
draft: true
---
Disclaimer: I work at Uber and am partially responsible for bringing `zig cc`
to serious internal use. Opinions are mine, this blog post is not affiliated
with Uber.
I talked at [Zig Milan][zig-milan] meetup about "Onboarding Zig at Uber".
This post is a little about "how Uber uses Zig", and more about "my experience
of bringing Zig to Uber", from both technical and social aspects.
The video is [here][milan-youtube]. The rest of the post is a loose
transcript, with some commentary and errata.
{{
}}
TLDR:
* Uber uses zig to compile its C/C++ code. Now only in the [Go
Monorepo][go-monorepo] via [bazel-zig-cc][bazel-zig-cc], with plans to
possibly expand use of `zig cc` to other languages that need a C/C++
toolchain.
* Uber does not have any plans to use zig-the-language yet.
* Uber signed a support agreement with Zig Software Foundation (ZSF) to
prioritize bug fixes. The contract value is disclosed in the ZSF financial
reports.
* Thanks to my team, the Go Monorepo team, the Go Platform team, my director,
finance, legal, and of course Zig Software Foundation for making this
relationship happen. The relationship has been fruitful so far.
{{}}
## About Uber's tech stack
Uber started in 2010, has clocked over 15 billion trips, and made lots of cool
and innovative tech for it to happen. General-purpose "allowed" server-side
languages are Go and Java, with Python and Node allowed for specific use cases
(like front-end for Node and Python for data analysis/ML). Use of other
languages in back-end code is minimal.
Our Go Monorepo is larger than Linux kernel[^1], and worked on by a couple of
thousand engineers. In short, it's big.
## How does Uber use Zig?
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}}
I can't tell this better than my colleague [Abhinav Gupta][abg] from the Go
Platform team (the transcript is available in the "alt" attribute):
At this point of the presentation, since I explained (thanks abg!) how Uber
uses zig, I could end the talk. But you all came in for the process, so after
an uncomfortable pause, I decided to tell more about it.
{{}}
## History
Pre-2018 Uber's Go services lived in their separate repositories. In 2018[^2]
services started moving to Go monorepo en masse. My team was among the first
wave --- I still remember the complexity.
### 2019: asks for a hermetic toolchain
At the time, the Go monorepo already used a hermetic Go toolchain. Therefore,
the Go compiler used to build the monorepo was unaffected by the compiler
installed on the system, if any. Therefore, on whichever environment a Go build
was running, it always used the same version of Go.
{{
}}
A C++ toolchain is a collection of programs to compile C/C++ code. It is
unavoidable for some our Go code to use [CGo][cgo], so it needs a C/C++
compiler. Go then links the Go and C parts to the final executable.
The C++ toolchain was not hermetic since the start of Go monorepo: Bazel would
use whatever it found on the system. That meant clang on macOS, gcc (whatever
version) on Linux. Setting up a hermetic C++ toolchain in Bazel is a lot of
work (think person-months for our monorepo), there was no immediate need, and
it also was not painful *enough* to be picked up.
At this point it is important to understand the limitations of a non-hermetic
C++ toolchain:
- Cannot cross-compile. So we can't compile Linux executables on a Mac if they
have CGo (which many of our services do). This was worked around by... not
cross-compiling.
- CGo executables would link to a glibc version that was found on the system.
That means: when upgrading the OS (multi-month effort), the build fleet must
be upgraded last. Otherwise, if build host runs a newer glibc than a
production host, the resulting binary will link against a newer glibc
version, which is incompatible to the old one still on a production host.
- We couldn't use new compilers, which have better optimizations, because we
were running an older OS on the build fleet (backporting only the compiler,
but not glibc, carries it's own risks).
- Official binaries for newer versions of Go are built against a more recent
version of GCC than some of our build machines. We had to work around this by
compiling Go from source on these machines.
All of these issues were annoying, but not enough to invest into the toolchain.
### 2020 Dec: need musl
I was working on a toy project that is built with Bazel and uses CGo. I wanted
my binary to be static, but Bazel does not make that easy. I spent a couple of
evenings creating a Bazel toolchain on top of [musl.cc](https://musl.cc), but
didn't go far, because at the time I wasn't able to make sense out of the
Bazel's toolchain documentation, and I didn't find a good example to rely on.
### 2021 Jan: discovering `zig cc`
In January of 2021 I found Andrew Kelley's blog post [`zig cc`: a Powerful
Drop-In Replacement for GCC/Clang][zig-cc-andrewrk]. I recommend reading the
article; it changed how I think about compilers (and it will help you
understand the remaining article better, because I gave the talk to the Zig
audience). To sum up the Andrew's article, `zig cc` has the following
advantages:
- Fully hermetic C/C++ compiler in ~40MB tarball.
- Can link against a glibc version that was provided as a command-line argument
(e.g. `-target x86_64-linux-gnu.2.28` will compile for x86_64 Linux and link
against glibc 2.28).
- Host and target are decoupled. The setup is the same for both linux-aarch64
and darwin-x86_64 targets, regardless of the host.
- Linking with musl is "just a different libc version": `-target
x86_64-linux-musl`.
I started messing around with `zig cc`. I compiled random programs, reported
issues. I thought about making this a [bazel toolchain][bazel-toolchain], but
there were quite a few blocking bugs or missing features. One of them was lack
of `zig ar`, which Bazel relies on.
### 2021 Feb: asking for attention
I [reported bugs][zig-motiejus-issues] to zig. Nothing happened for a
week. I donated $50/month, expecting "the zig folks" to prioritize what I've
reported. A week of silence again. And then I dropped the bomb in
`#zig:libera.chat`:
```
What is the protocol to "claim" the dev hours once donated?
ZSF only accepts no-strings-attached donations
did you get a different impression somewhere?
```
Oops. At the time I hoped that whoever notice the conversation will immediately
forget it. Well, here it is again, more than a year later, over here, for your
enjoyment.
### 2021 June: bazel-zig-cc and Uber's Go monorepo
In June of 2021 [Adam Bouhenguel][ajbouh] created a [working bazel-zig-cc
prototype][ajbouh/bazel-zig-cc]. The basics worked, but it still lacked some
features. Andrew later implemented `zig ar`[^3], which was the last missing
piece to a truly workable bazel-zig-cc. I integrated `zig ar`, polished the
documentation and [announced my fork of bazel-zig-cc to the Zig mailing
list][bazel-zig-cc-ga]. At this point it was usable for my toy project. Win!
A few weeks after the announcement I created a "WIP DIFF" for Uber's Go
monorepo: just used my onboarding instructions and naïvely submitted it to our
CI. It failed almost all tests.
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}}
Most of the failures were caused by dependencies on system libraries. At this
point it was clear that, to truly onboard bazel-zig-cc and compile **all** it's
C/C++ code, there needs to be quite a lot of investment to remove the
dependency on system libraries and undoing of a lot of tech debt.
### 2021 End: recap
- Various places at Uber would benefit from a hermetic C++ cross-compiler, but
it's not funded due to a large investment and not enough justification.
- bazel-zig-cc kinda works, but both bazel-zig-cc and zig cc have known bugs.
- I can't realistically implement the necessary changes or bug fixes. I tried
implementing `zig ar`, a trivial front-end for llvm's `ar`, and failed.
- Once an issue had been identified as a Zig issue, getting attention from Zig
developers was unpredictable. Some issues got resolved within days, some took
more than 6 months. Donations don't change `zig cc` priorities.
- The monorepo-onboarding diff was simmering and waiting for it's time.
### 2021 End: Uber needs a cross-compiler
I was tasked to evaluate arm64 for Uber. Evaluation details aside, I needed to
compile software for linux-arm64. Lots of it! Since most of our low-level infra
is in Go monorepo, I needed a cross-compiler there first.
A business reason for a cross-compiler landed on my lap. Now now both time and
money can be invested there. Having a "WIP diff" with `zig cc` was a good
start, but was still very far from over: teams were not convinced it's the
right thing to do, the diff was too much of a prototype, and both zig-cc and
bazel-zig-cc needed lots of work before they could be used at any capacity at
Uber.
When onboarding such a technology in a large corporation, the most important
thing to manage is risk. As zig is a novel technology (not even 1.0!), it was
truly unusual to suggest compiling all of our C and C++ code with it. We should
be planning to stick with it for at least a decade. Questions were raised and
evaluated with great care and scrutiny. For that I am truly grateful to the Go
Monorepo team, especially [Ken Micklas][kmicklas], for doing the work and
research on this unproven prototype.
### Evaluation of different compilers
Given that we now needed a cross-compiler, we had two candidates:
- [grailbio/bazel-toolchain][grailbio/bazel-toolchain]. Uses a vanilla clang.
No risk. Well understood. Obviously safe and correct solution.
- [~motiejus/bazel-zig-cc][bazel-zig-cc]: uses `zig cc`. Buggy, risky, unsafe,
uncertain, used-by-nobody, but quite a tempting solution.
`zig cc` provides a few extra features on top of `bazel-toolchain`:
- configurable glibc version. In grailbio case you would need a sysroot
(basically, a chroot with the system libraries, so the programs can be linked
against them), which needs to be maintained.
- a working, albeit still buggy, hermetic (cross-)compiler for macOS.
Glibc we can handle in either case. However, `bazel-toolchain` will unlikely
ever have a way to compile to macOS, let alone cross-compile. Relying on the
system compiler is undesirable on developer laptops, and Go Platform feels that
first-hand, especially during macOS upgrades.
The prospect of a hermetic toolchain for macOS targets tripped the scales
towards `zig cc`, with all its warts, risks and instability.
There was another, attention problem: if we were considering the use of Zig in
a serious capacity, we knew we will hit problems, but would be unlikely to have
the expertise to solve them. How can we, as a BigCorp, de-risk the engagement
question, making sure that bugs important to us are handled timely? We were
sure of good intentions of ZSF: it was obvious that, if we find and report a
legitimate bug, it would get fixed. But how can we put an upper bound on
latency?
### Money
$50 donation does not help, perhaps a large service contract would? I asked
around if we could spend some money to de-risk our "cross-compiler". Getting a
green light from the management took about 10 minutes; drafting, approving and
signing the contract took about 2 months.
Contract terms were roughly as follows:
- Uber reports issues to github.com/ziglang/zig and pings Loris.
- Loris assigns it to someone in ZSF.
- Hack hack hack hack hack.
- When done, Loris enters the number of hours worked on the issue.
Uber has the right to *time* of ZSF members. We have no decision or voting
power whatsoever with regards to Zig. We have right to offer suggestions, but
they have been and will be treated just like from any other third-party
bystander. We did not ask for special rights, it's explicit in the contract,
and we don't want that.
The contract was signed, the wire transfer completed, and in 2022 January we
had:
- A service contract with ZSF that promised to prioritize issues that we've
registered.
- A commitment from Go Platform team to make our C++ toolchain cross-compiling
and hermetic.
{{
}}
## 2022 and beyond
In Feb 2022 the toolchain was gated behind a command-line flag
(`--config=hermetic-cc`). As of Feb 2022, you can invoke `zig cc` in Uber's Go
Monorepo without requiring a custom patch.
{{
}}
Timeline of 2022 so far:
- In April, around my talk in Milan, we shipped the first Debian package
compiled with zig-cc to production.
- In May we have enabled `zig cc` for all our Debian packages.
- In H2 we expect to compile all our cgo code with `zig cc` and make
the `--config=hermetic-cc` a default.
- In H2 we expect to move [bazel-zig-cc][bazel-zig-cc] under github.com/uber.
We have opened a number of issues to Zig, and, as of writing, all of them have
been resolved. Some were handled by ZSF alone, some were more involved and
required collaboration between ZSF, Uber and Go developers.
## Summary
I started preparing for the presentation hoping I can give "a runbook" how to
adopt Zig at a big company. However, there is no runbook; my effort to onboard
zig-cc could have failed due to many many reasons.
Looking back, I think the most important reasons for success is a killer
feature at the right time. In our case, there were two: glibc version selection
without a sysroot and cross-compiling to macOS.
## Appendix
I forgot to flip to the last slide in the presentation. Here it is:
```
{
```
If compilers or adopting software for other CPU architectures (and/or living in
the Eastern Europe) is your thing, my team in Vilnius is hiring. Also, my
sister teams in Seattle and Bay Area are hiring too. Ping me.
Credits
-------
Many thanks Abhinav Gupta for reading drafts of this.
[^1]: Errata: I incorrectly said "by an order of magnitude". The order of
magnitude is the same.
[^2]: Errata: I said Go was the first monorepo. Go was 4'th.
[^3]: Errata: I said Jakub implemented `zig ar`. Correction: Andrew
implemented, Jakub reviewed.
[zig-milan]: https://zig.news/kristoff/zig-milan-party-2022-final-info-schedule-1jc1
[abg]: https://abhinavg.net/
[go-monorepo]: https://eng.uber.com/go-monorepo-bazel/
[bazel-zig-cc]: https://sr.ht/~motiejus/bazel-zig-cc/
[cgo]: https://godocs.io/cmd/cgo
[zig-cc-andrewrk]: https://andrewkelley.me/post/zig-cc-powerful-drop-in-replacement-gcc-clang.html
[bazel-toolchain]: https://bazel.build/docs/toolchains
[ajbouh]: https://github.com/ajbouh/
[ajbouh/bazel-zig-cc]: https://github.com/ajbouh/bazel-zig-cc/
[bazel-zig-cc-ga]: https://lists.sr.ht/~andrewrk/ziglang/%3C20210811104907.qahogqbdjs4trihn%40mtpad.i.jakstys.lt%3E
[grailbio/bazel-toolchain]: https://github.com/grailbio/bazel-toolchain
[milan-youtube]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCj2J3HcEfc
[zig-motiejus-issues]: https://github.com/ziglang/zig/issues?q=author%3Amotiejus+sort%3Acreated-asc
[kmicklas]: https://github.com/kmicklas