diff --git a/II/Referatas/bib.bib b/II/Referatas/bib.bib index 9638fe0..ad90d49 100644 --- a/II/Referatas/bib.bib +++ b/II/Referatas/bib.bib @@ -24,6 +24,34 @@ pages={477} } +@article{muller1991generalization, + title={Generalization of spatial databases}, + author={Muller, Jean-Claude}, + journal={Geographical information systems}, + volume={1}, + pages={457--475}, + year={1991}, + publisher={John Wiley and Sons} +} + +@inproceedings{mcmaster1992generalization, + title={Generalization in digital cartography}, + author={McMaster, Robert Brainerd and Shea, K Stuart}, + year={1992}, + organization={Association of American Geographers Washington, DC} +} + +@article{douglas1973algorithms, + title={Algorithms for the reduction of the number of points required to represent a digitized line or its caricature}, + author={Douglas, David H and Peucker, Thomas K}, + journal={Cartographica: the international journal for geographic information and geovisualization}, + volume={10}, + number={2}, + pages={112--122}, + year={1973}, + publisher={University of Toronto Press} +} + // algorithms for generalization, not reaching satisfactory results @inproceedings{monmonier1986toward, title={Toward a practicable model of cartographic generalisation.}, @@ -84,3 +112,11 @@ booktitle={Proceedings of the AutoCarto}, year={2012} } + +// LIKELY UNNEEDED +@book{buttenfield1991map, + title={Map Generalization: Making rules for knowledge representation}, + author={Buttenfield, Barbara Pfeil and McMaster, Robert Brainerd}, + year={1991}, + publisher={Longman Scientific \& Technical London} +} diff --git a/II/Referatas/mj-referatas.tex b/II/Referatas/mj-referatas.tex index 4765a7a..5b5b239 100644 --- a/II/Referatas/mj-referatas.tex +++ b/II/Referatas/mj-referatas.tex @@ -31,28 +31,61 @@ \section{Abstract} \label{sec:abstract} -Ready-to-use, open-source line generalization solutions emit poor cartographic -output. Therefore, if one is using open-source technology to create a -large-scale map, downscaled lines (e.g. rivers) will look poorly. This paper -explores line generalization algorithms and suggests one for an avid GIS -developer to implement. Once it is implemented and integrated to open-source -GIS solutions (e.g. QGIS), rivers on future large-scale maps will look -professionally downscaled. +Current open-source line generalization solutions have their roots in +mathematics and geometry, thus emit poor cartographic output. Therefore, if one +is using open-source technology to create a large-scale map, downscaled lines +(e.g. rivers) will not be professionally scale-adjusted. This paper explores +line generalization algorithms and suggests one for an avid GIS developer to +implement. Once it is usable from within open-source GIS software (e.g. QGIS or +PostGIS), rivers on these large-scale maps will look professionally downscaled. \section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} Cartographic generalization is one of the key processes of creating large-scale maps: how can one approximate object features, without losing its main -cartographic properties? +cartographic properties? The problem is universally challenging across many +geographical entities (\cite{muller1991generalization}, +\cite{mcmaster1992generalization}). This paper focuses on line generalization, +using natural rivers as examples. -Generalization algorithms are well studied, tested and implemented, but they -expose deficiencies in large-scale reduction (\cite{monmonier1986toward}, -\cite{mcmaster1993spatial}, \cite{jiang2003line}, \cite{dyken2009simultaneous}, -\cite{mustafa2006dynamic}, \cite{nollenburg2008morphing}). +Line generalization algorithms are well studied, tested and implemented, but +they expose deficiencies in large-scale reduction (\cite{monmonier1986toward}, +\cite{mcmaster1993spatial}). Most of these techniques are based on mathematical +shape representation, rather than cartographic characteristics of the line. -There are two main approaches to generalize lines in a map: geometric and -cartographic. +In this paper we explore algorithms which are derived from cartographic +knowledge and processes, so their output is as similar as an experienced +cartographer would create, thus most correct and visually appealing. + +We will be using a small part of Žeimena: + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{zeimena} + \caption{Žeimena near Jaunadaris} +\end{figure} + +\section{Mathematical and geometrical algorithms} + +To understand why geometrical algorithms are not entirely suitable for +downscaling, let's pick some visual examples. + +\subsection{Douglas \& Peucker} + +\cite{douglas1973algorithms} is one of the most well-known line simplification algorithm. + + +\section{Algorithms based on cartographical knowledge} + +\cite{jiang2003line}, \cite{dyken2009simultaneous}, +\cite{mustafa2006dynamic}, \cite{nollenburg2008morphing} + +\section{My Idea} +\label{sec:my_idea} + +\section{Related Work} +\label{sec:related_work} \cite{stanislawski2012automated} studied different types of metric assessments, such as Hausdorff distance, segment length, vector shift, surface displacement, @@ -60,17 +93,6 @@ and tortuosity for the generalization of linear geographic elements. Their research can provide references to the appropriate settings of the line generalization parameters for the maps at various scales. -\section{The Problem} -\label{sec:the_problem} - -\section{My Idea} -\label{sec:my_idea} - -\section{The Details} -\label{sec:the_details} - -\section{Related Work} -\label{sec:related_work} \section{Conclusions and Further Work} \label{sec:conclusions_and_further_work} diff --git a/II/Referatas/zeimena.pdf b/II/Referatas/zeimena.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa8fed9 Binary files /dev/null and b/II/Referatas/zeimena.pdf differ