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Motiejus Jakštys 2021-05-19 22:57:48 +03:00 committed by Motiejus Jakštys
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Makefile
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@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ salvis-50k_WIDTHDIV = 2
salvis-250k_1SELECT = wm_rivers where name='Šalčia' OR name='Visinčia' salvis-250k_1SELECT = wm_rivers where name='Šalčia' OR name='Visinčia'
salvis-250k_WIDTHDIV = 10 salvis-250k_WIDTHDIV = 10
.faux_test-rivers: tests-rivers.sql wm.sql .faux_db .faux_test-rivers: tests-rivers.sql wm.sql Makefile .faux_db
./db -v scaledwidth=$(SCALEDWIDTH) -f $< ./db -v scaledwidth=$(SCALEDWIDTH) -f $<
touch $@ touch $@

172
mj-msc.tex
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@ -19,11 +19,12 @@
\usepackage{float} \usepackage{float}
\usepackage{tikz} \usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{fancyvrb} \usepackage{fancyvrb}
%\usepackage{charter}
\iffalse \iftrue
% requires minted % requires minted
\usepackage{minted} \usepackage{minted}
\newcommand{\inputcode}[2]{\inputminted[fontsize=\small}{#1}{#2} \newcommand{\inputcode}[2]{\inputminted[fontsize=\small]{#1}{#2}}
\else \else
% does not require minted % does not require minted
\usepackage{verbatim} \usepackage{verbatim}
@ -98,18 +99,20 @@ Textwidth in cm: {\printinunitsof{cm}\prntlen{\textwidth}}
\fi \fi
When creating small-scale maps, often the detail of the data source is greater When creating small-scale maps, often the detail of the data source is greater
than desired for the map. This becomes especially acute for natural features than desired for the map. While many features can be removed or simplified, it
that have many bends, like coastlines, rivers and forest boundaries. is more tricky with natural features that have many bends, like coastlines,
rivers and forest boundaries.
To create a small-scale map from a large-scale data source, these features need To create a small-scale map from a large-scale data source, features need to be
to be generalized: detail should be reduced. However, while doing so, it is generalized: detail should be reduced. While performing the generalization, it
important to preserve the "defining" shape of the original feature, otherwise is important to retain the "defining" shape of the original feature. Otherwise,
the result will look unrealistic. if the generalized feature looks too different than the original, the result
will look unrealistic.
For example, if a river is nearly straight, it should be nearly straight after For example, if a river is nearly straight, it should be nearly straight after
generalization, otherwise a too straightened river will look like a canal. generalization, otherwise a too straightened river will look like a canal.
Conversely, if the river is highly wiggly, the number of bends should be Conversely, if the river is highly wiggly, the number of bends should be
reduced, but not removed. reduced, but not removed altogether.
Generalization problem for other objects can often be solved by other Generalization problem for other objects can often be solved by other
non-geometric means: non-geometric means:
@ -121,8 +124,8 @@ non-geometric means:
classification of the road (local, regional, international). classification of the road (local, regional, international).
\end{itemize} \end{itemize}
Natural line generalization problem can be viewed as having two competing To sum up, natural line generalization problem can be viewed as a task of
goals: finding a delicate balance between two competing goals:
\begin{itemize} \begin{itemize}
\item Reduce detail by removing or simplifying "less important" features. \item Reduce detail by removing or simplifying "less important" features.
@ -130,44 +133,52 @@ goals:
\end{itemize} \end{itemize}
Given the discussed complexities, a fine line between under-generalization Given the discussed complexities, a fine line between under-generalization
(leaving object as-is) and over-generalization (making a straight line) must be (leaving object as-is) and over-generalization (making a straight line) needs
found. Therein lies the complexity of generalization algorithms: all have to be found. Therein lies the complexity of generalization algorithms: all have
different trade-offs. different trade-offs.
\section{Literature review and problematic} \section{Literature review and problematic}
\label{sec:literature-review} \label{sec:literature-review}
A number of cartographic line generalization algorithms have been researched. A number of cartographic line generalization algorithms have been researched.
The "classical" ones are {\DP} and {\VW} in combination with Chaikin's. There The "classical" ones are {\DP}\cite{douglas1973algorithms} and
are also modern ones. {\VW}\cite{visvalingam1993line} in combination with
Chaikin's\cite{chaikin1974algorithm}.
This section reviews the classical ones, which, besides being around for a long
time, offer easily accessible implementations, as well as more modern ones,
which only theorize, but do not provide an implementation.
\subsection{Available algorithms} \subsection{Available algorithms}
\subsubsection{{\DP}, {\VW} and Chaikin's} \subsubsection{{\DP}, {\VW} and Chaikin's}
{\DP} \cite{douglas1973algorithms} and {\VW} \cite{visvalingam1993line} are {\DP}\cite{douglas1973algorithms} and {\VW}\cite{visvalingam1993line} are
"classical" line generalization computer graphics algorithms. They are "classical" line generalization computer graphics algorithms. They are
relatively simple to implement, require few runtime resources. Both of them relatively simple to implement, require few runtime resources. Both of them
accept only a single parameter, based on desired scale of the map, which makes accept only a single parameter, based on desired scale of the map, which makes
them very simple to adjust for different scales. them straightforward to adjust for different scales.
Both algorithms are part of PostGIS, a free-software GIS suite: Both algorithms are part of PostGIS, a free-software GIS suite:
\begin{itemize} \begin{itemize}
\item {\DP} via \item {\DP} via
\href{https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Simplify.html}{PostGIS Simplify}. \href{https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Simplify.html}{PostGIS \texttt{ST\_Simplify}}.
\item {\VW} via \item {\VW} via
\href{https://postgis.net/docs/ST_SimplifyVW.html}{PostGIS SimplifyVW}. \href{https://postgis.net/docs/ST_SimplifyVW.html}{PostGIS \texttt{SimplifyVW}}.
\end{itemize} \end{itemize}
It may be worthwhile to post-process those through a widely available Chaikin's It may be worthwhile to post-process those through a widely available Chaikin's
line smoothing algorithm \cite{chaikin1974algorithm} via line smoothing algorithm\cite{chaikin1974algorithm} via
\href{https://postgis.net/docs/ST_ChaikinSmoothing.html}{PostGIS \href{https://postgis.net/docs/ST_ChaikinSmoothing.html}{PostGIS
ChaikinSmoothing}. \texttt{ST\_ChaikinSmoothing}}.
To use in generalization examples, we will use two rivers: Žeimena and Šalčia To use in generalization examples, we will use two rivers: Šalčia and Visinčia.
(they flow into one). Figure~\onpage{fig:salvis-25} illustrates the original Figure~\ref{fig:salvis-25} illustrates the original two rivers without any
two rivers without any processing (yet). processing.
These rivers were chosen, because they have both large and small bends, and
thus convenient to analyze for both small and large scale generalization.
\begin{figure}[h] \begin{figure}[h]
\centering \centering
@ -177,9 +188,10 @@ two rivers without any processing (yet).
\end{figure} \end{figure}
Same rivers, unprocessed, but with higher density (scales 1:50000 and 1:250000) Same rivers, unprocessed, but with higher density (scales 1:50000 and 1:250000)
are depicted in figure~\onpage{fig:salvis-50-250}. Some river features are so are depicted in figure~\ref{fig:salvis-50-250}. Some river features are so
compact that a reasonably thin line depicting them is overlapping with itself. compact that a reasonably thin line depicting the river is overlapping with
As can be seen in the article example, generalization is worthy. itself, creating a thicker line in print. As a result, generalization for this
river for a smaller scale is worthy.
\begin{figure}[h] \begin{figure}[h]
\centering \centering
@ -197,8 +209,6 @@ As can be seen in the article example, generalization is worthy.
\label{fig:salvis-50-250} \label{fig:salvis-50-250}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
\subsubsection{Modern approaches} \subsubsection{Modern approaches}
Due to their simplicity and ubiquity, {\DP} and {\VW} have been established as Due to their simplicity and ubiquity, {\DP} and {\VW} have been established as
@ -219,10 +229,12 @@ have emerged. These modern replacements fall into roughly two categories:
\end{itemize} \end{itemize}
Authors of most of the aforementioned articles have implemented the Authors of most of the aforementioned articles have implemented the
generalization algorithm, at least to generate the visuals in the articles. generalization algorithm, at least to generate the illustrations in the
However, I wasn't able to find code for any of those to evaluate with my articles. However, code is not available for evaluation with a desired data
desired data set, or use as a basis for my own maps. {\WM} \cite{wang1998line} set, much less for use as a basis for creating new maps. To author's knowledge,
is available in a commercial product. {\WM}\cite{wang1998line} is available in a commercial product, but requires a
purchase of the commercial product suite, without a way to license the
standalone algorithm.
Lack of robust openly available generalization algorithm implementations poses Lack of robust openly available generalization algorithm implementations poses
a problem for map creation with free software: there is not a similar a problem for map creation with free software: there is not a similar
@ -233,6 +245,15 @@ open-source tools is an important foundation for future cartographic
experimentation and development, thus it it benefits the cartographic society experimentation and development, thus it it benefits the cartographic society
as a whole. as a whole.
{\WM}'s commercial availability signals something about the value of the
algorithm: at least the authors of the commercial software suite deemed it
worthwhile to include it. However, not everyone has access to the commercial
software suite, access to funds to buy the commercial suite, or access to the
operating system required to run the commercial suite. PostGIS, in contrast, is
free on itself, and runs on free platforms. Therefore, algorithm
implementations that run on PostGIS or other free platforms are useful to a
wider cartographic society than proprietary ones.
\subsection{Problematic with generalization of rivers} \subsection{Problematic with generalization of rivers}
\section{Methodology} \section{Methodology}
@ -244,14 +265,15 @@ the algorithm from the paper alone.
Explanations in this document are meant to expand, rather than substitute, the Explanations in this document are meant to expand, rather than substitute, the
original description in {\WM}. Therefore familiarity with the original paper is original description in {\WM}. Therefore familiarity with the original paper is
assumed, and, for some sections, having it close-by is necessary to assumed, and, for some sections, having the original close-by is necessary to
meaningfully follow this document. meaningfully follow this document.
In this paper we describe {\WM} in a detail that is more useful for algorithm: This paper describes {\WM} in detail that is more useful for anyone who wishes
each section will be expanded, with more elaborate and exact illustrations for to follow the algorithm implementation more closely: each section is expanded
every step of the algorithm. with additional commentary, and richer illustrations for non-obvious steps. In
many cases, corner cases are discussed and clarified.
Algorithms discussed in this paper assume Euclidean geometry. Assume Euclidean geometry throughout this document, unless noted otherwise.
\subsection{Vocabulary and terminology} \subsection{Vocabulary and terminology}
@ -267,8 +289,8 @@ This section defines vocabulary and terms as defined in the rest of the paper.
$(x_2, y_2)$. Line Segment and Segment are used interchangeably $(x_2, y_2)$. Line Segment and Segment are used interchangeably
throughout the paper. throughout the paper.
\item[Line] represents a single linear feature in the real world. For \item[Line] (or \textsc{linestring}) represents a single linear feature in
example, a river or a coastline. {\tt LINESTRING} in GIS terms. the real world. For example, a river or a coastline.
Geometrically, A line is a series of connected line segments, or, Geometrically, A line is a series of connected line segments, or,
equivalently, a series of connected vertices. Each vertex connects to equivalently, a series of connected vertices. Each vertex connects to
@ -300,7 +322,7 @@ and the implementation.
Radians & $\nicefrac{\pi}{6}$ & $\nicefrac{\pi}{4}$ & $\nicefrac{\pi}{2}$ & $\pi$ & $2\pi$ \\ Radians & $\nicefrac{\pi}{6}$ & $\nicefrac{\pi}{4}$ & $\nicefrac{\pi}{2}$ & $\pi$ & $2\pi$ \\
\hline \hline
\end{tabular} \end{tabular}
\caption{Popular degree and radian values} \caption{Some angular degree and radian values mentioned in this article.}
\label{table:radians} \label{table:radians}
\end{table} \end{table}
@ -314,8 +336,7 @@ algorithm against a predefined set of geometries, and asserts that the output
matches the resulting hand-calculated geometry. matches the resulting hand-calculated geometry.
The full set of test geometries is visualized in The full set of test geometries is visualized in
figure~\onpage{fig:test-figures}. The figure includes arrows depicting line figure~\ref{fig:test-figures}.
direction.
\begin{figure}[h] \begin{figure}[h]
\centering \centering
@ -330,7 +351,7 @@ unexpected bugs have snug in while modifying the algorithm.
\section{Description of the implementation} \section{Description of the implementation}
Like alluded in section~\onpage{sec:introduction}, {\WM} paper skims over Like alluded in section~\ref{sec:introduction}, {\WM} paper skims over
certain details, which are important to implement the algorithm. This section certain details, which are important to implement the algorithm. This section
goes through each algorithm stage, illustrating the intermediate steps and goes through each algorithm stage, illustrating the intermediate steps and
explaining the author's desiderata for a more detailed description. explaining the author's desiderata for a more detailed description.
@ -339,15 +360,23 @@ Illustrations of the following sections are extracted from the automated test
cases, which were written during the algorithm implementation (as discussed in cases, which were written during the algorithm implementation (as discussed in
section~\onpage{sec:automated-tests}). section~\onpage{sec:automated-tests}).
Lines in illustrations are black, and bends are heavily colored after Illustrated lines are black. Bends themselves are linear features.
converting them to polygons. Bends are converted to polygons (for illustration Discriminating between bends in illustrations might be tricky, because
purposes) using the following algorithm: sometimes a single \textsc{line segment} can belong to two bends.
Given that, there is another way to highlight bends in a schematic drawing: by
converting them to polygons and by altering their background colors. It works
as follows:
\begin{itemize} \begin{itemize}
\item Join the first and last vertices of the bend, creating a polygon. \item Join the first and last vertices of the bend, creating a polygon.
\item Color the polygons using distinct colors. \item Color the polygons using distinct colors.
\end{itemize} \end{itemize}
This type of illustration works quite well, since polygons created from bends
are almost never overlapping, and discriminating different backgrounds is
easier than discriminating different line shapes or colors.
\subsection{Definition of a Bend} \subsection{Definition of a Bend}
\label{sec:definition-of-a-bend} \label{sec:definition-of-a-bend}
@ -369,20 +398,20 @@ are necessary when writing code to detect the bends:
segments belong to 1 or 2 bends. segments belong to 1 or 2 bends.
\item First and last segments of each bend (except for the two end-line \item First and last segments of each bend (except for the two end-line
segments) is also the first vertex of the next bend. segments) are also the first vertex of the next bend.
\end{itemize} \end{itemize}
Properties above may be apparent when looking at illustrations at this article Properties above may be apparent when looking at illustrations at this article
or reading here, but they are nowhere as such when looking at the original or reading here, but they are nowhere as such when looking at the original
article. article.
Figure~\ref{fig:fig8-definition-of-a-bend} illustrates article's Figure 8, Figure~\ref{fig:fig8-definition-of-a-bend} illustrates article's figure 8,
but with bends colored as polygons: each color is a distinctive bend. but with bends colored as polygons: each color is a distinctive bend.
\begin{figure}[h] \begin{figure}[h]
\centering \centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fig8-definition-of-a-bend} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fig8-definition-of-a-bend}
\caption{Originally Figure 8: detected bends are highlighted} \caption{Originally figure 8: detected bends are highlighted}
\label{fig:fig8-definition-of-a-bend} \label{fig:fig8-definition-of-a-bend}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
@ -395,7 +424,7 @@ The gist of the section is in the original article:
would not recognize this as the bend point of a bend would not recognize this as the bend point of a bend
\end{displaycquote} \end{displaycquote}
Figure~\ref{fig:fig5-gentle-inflection} visualizes original paper's Figure 5, Figure~\ref{fig:fig5-gentle-inflection} visualizes original paper's figure 5,
when a single vertex is moved outwards the end of the bend. when a single vertex is moved outwards the end of the bend.
\begin{figure}[h] \begin{figure}[h]
@ -409,13 +438,13 @@ when a single vertex is moved outwards the end of the bend.
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fig5-gentle-inflection-after} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fig5-gentle-inflection-after}
\caption{After applying the inflection rule} \caption{After applying the inflection rule}
\end{subfigure} \end{subfigure}
\caption{Originally Figure 5: gentle inflections at the ends of the bend} \caption{Originally figure 5: gentle inflections at the ends of the bend}
\label{fig:fig5-gentle-inflection} \label{fig:fig5-gentle-inflection}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
The illustration for this section was clear, but insufficient: it does not The illustration for this section was clear, but insufficient: it does not
specify how many vertices should be included when calculating the end-of-bend specify how many vertices should be included when calculating the end-of-bend
inflection. We chose the iterative approach --- as long as the angle is "right" inflection. The iterative approach was chosen --- as long as the angle is "right"
and the distance is decreasing, the algorithm should keep re-assigning vertices and the distance is decreasing, the algorithm should keep re-assigning vertices
to different bends; practically not having an upper bound on the number of to different bends; practically not having an upper bound on the number of
iterations. iterations.
@ -423,7 +452,7 @@ iterations.
To prove that the algorithm implementation is correct for multiple vertices, To prove that the algorithm implementation is correct for multiple vertices,
additional example was created, and illustrated in additional example was created, and illustrated in
figure~\ref{fig:inflection-1-gentle-inflection}: the rule re-assigns two figure~\ref{fig:inflection-1-gentle-inflection}: the rule re-assigns two
vertices to the next bend instead of one. vertices to the next bend.
\begin{figure}[h] \begin{figure}[h]
\centering \centering
@ -436,14 +465,15 @@ vertices to the next bend instead of one.
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{inflection-1-gentle-inflection-after} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{inflection-1-gentle-inflection-after}
\caption{After applying the inflection rule} \caption{After applying the inflection rule}
\end{subfigure} \end{subfigure}
\caption{Gentle inflection at the end of the bend when multiple vertices is moved} \caption{Gentle inflection at the end of the bend when multiple vertices
are moved}
\label{fig:inflection-1-gentle-inflection} \label{fig:inflection-1-gentle-inflection}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
To find and fix the gentle bends' inflections requires to run the algorithm in Note that to find and fix the gentle bends' inflections, the algorithm should
both directions; if implemented as documented, the steps will fail to match run twice, both ways. Otherwise, if it is executed only one way, the steps will
some bends that should be mutated. This implementation does it in the following fail to match some bends that should be adjusted. Current implementation works
way: as follows:
\begin{enumerate} \begin{enumerate}
\item Run the algorithm from beginning to the end. \item Run the algorithm from beginning to the end.
@ -453,17 +483,18 @@ way:
\item Return result. \item Return result.
\end{enumerate} \end{enumerate}
The current implementation is the most straightforward, but not optimal: Reversing the line and its bends is straightforward to implement, but costly:
reversing of lines and bends could be avoided by walking backwards the lines. the two reversal steps cost additional time and memory. The algorithm could be
In this case, steps \ref{rev1} and \ref{rev2} could be spared, thus saving made more optimal with a similar version of the algorithm, but the one which
memory and computation time. goes backwards. In this case, steps \ref{rev1} and \ref{rev2} could be spared,
that way saving memory and computation time.
The "quite small angle" was arbitrarily chosen to $\smallAngle$. The "quite small angle" was arbitrarily chosen to $\smallAngle$.
\subsection{Self-line Crossing When Cutting a Bend} \subsection{Self-line Crossing When Cutting a Bend}
When bend's baseline crosses another bend, it is called self-crossing. This is When bend's baseline crosses another bend, it is called self-crossing.
undesirable in the upcoming operators, and self-crossings should be removed Self-crossing is undesirable in the upcoming operators, thus should be removed
following the rules of the article. following the rules of the article.
\begin{figure}[h] \begin{figure}[h]
@ -477,14 +508,15 @@ following the rules of the article.
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fig6-selfcrossing-after} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fig6-selfcrossing-after}
\caption{Self-crossing removed following the algorithm} \caption{Self-crossing removed following the algorithm}
\end{subfigure} \end{subfigure}
\caption{Originally Figure 6: simple case of self-line crossing} \caption{Originally figure 6: simple case of self-line crossing}
\label{fig:fig6-selfcrossing} \label{fig:fig6-selfcrossing}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
The original description does not go into detail which bends may self-cross, and which <TBD>
The self-line-crossing may happen not by the neighboring bend, but by any other The self-line-crossing may happen not by the neighboring bend, but by any other
bend in the line. For example, the baseline of the bend $(A, B)$ may cross bend in the line. For example, the baseline of the bend may cross different
different bends in between, as depicted in bends in between, as depicted in figure~\ref{fig:selfcrossing-1-non-neighbor}.
figure~\onpage{fig:selfcrossing-1-non-neighbor}.
\begin{figure}[h] \begin{figure}[h]
\centering \centering
@ -632,7 +664,7 @@ We strongly believe in the ability to reproduce the results is critical for any
This was tested on Linux Debian 11 with upstream packages only. This was tested on Linux Debian 11 with upstream packages only.
\subsection{Algorithm code listings} \subsection{Algorithm code listings}
\inputcode{postgresql}{wm.sql} %\inputcode{postgresql}{wm.sql}
\end{appendices} \end{appendices}
\end{document} \end{document}