zig

blob 5ed7b63d (173616B) - Raw

---

 const std = @import("std");
 const builtin = @import("builtin");
 const mem = std.mem;
 const math = std.math;
 const assert = std.debug.assert;
 const Air = @import("../../Air.zig");
 const Mir = @import("Mir.zig");
 const Emit = @import("Emit.zig");
 const Liveness = @import("../../Liveness.zig");
 const Type = @import("../../type.zig").Type;
 const Value = @import("../../value.zig").Value;
 const TypedValue = @import("../../TypedValue.zig");
 const link = @import("../../link.zig");
 const Module = @import("../../Module.zig");
 const Compilation = @import("../../Compilation.zig");
 const ErrorMsg = Module.ErrorMsg;
 const Target = std.Target;
 const Allocator = mem.Allocator;
 const trace = @import("../../tracy.zig").trace;
 const DW = std.dwarf;
 const leb128 = std.leb;
 const log = std.log.scoped(.codegen);
 const build_options = @import("build_options");
 const RegisterManagerFn = @import("../../register_manager.zig").RegisterManager;
 const RegisterManager = RegisterManagerFn(Self, Register, &callee_preserved_regs);
 
 const GenerateSymbolError = @import("../../codegen.zig").GenerateSymbolError;
 const FnResult = @import("../../codegen.zig").FnResult;
 const DebugInfoOutput = @import("../../codegen.zig").DebugInfoOutput;
 
 const bits = @import("bits.zig");
 const abi = @import("abi.zig");
 const Register = bits.Register;
 const Instruction = bits.Instruction;
 const callee_preserved_regs = abi.callee_preserved_regs;
 const c_abi_int_param_regs = abi.c_abi_int_param_regs;
 const c_abi_int_return_regs = abi.c_abi_int_return_regs;
 
 const InnerError = error{
     OutOfMemory,
     CodegenFail,
     OutOfRegisters,
 };
 
 gpa: Allocator,
 air: Air,
 liveness: Liveness,
 bin_file: *link.File,
 target: *const std.Target,
 mod_fn: *const Module.Fn,
 err_msg: ?*ErrorMsg,
 args: []MCValue,
 ret_mcv: MCValue,
 fn_type: Type,
 arg_index: usize,
 src_loc: Module.SrcLoc,
 stack_align: u32,
 
 /// MIR Instructions
 mir_instructions: std.MultiArrayList(Mir.Inst) = .{},
 /// MIR extra data
 mir_extra: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u32) = .{},
 
 /// Byte offset within the source file of the ending curly.
 end_di_line: u32,
 end_di_column: u32,
 
 /// The value is an offset into the `Function` `code` from the beginning.
 /// To perform the reloc, write 32-bit signed little-endian integer
 /// which is a relative jump, based on the address following the reloc.
 exitlude_jump_relocs: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(usize) = .{},
 
 /// Whenever there is a runtime branch, we push a Branch onto this stack,
 /// and pop it off when the runtime branch joins. This provides an "overlay"
 /// of the table of mappings from instructions to `MCValue` from within the branch.
 /// This way we can modify the `MCValue` for an instruction in different ways
 /// within different branches. Special consideration is needed when a branch
 /// joins with its parent, to make sure all instructions have the same MCValue
 /// across each runtime branch upon joining.
 branch_stack: *std.ArrayList(Branch),
 
 // Key is the block instruction
 blocks: std.AutoHashMapUnmanaged(Air.Inst.Index, BlockData) = .{},
 
 register_manager: RegisterManager = .{},
 /// Maps offset to what is stored there.
 stack: std.AutoHashMapUnmanaged(u32, StackAllocation) = .{},
 /// Tracks the current instruction allocated to the compare flags
 compare_flags_inst: ?Air.Inst.Index = null,
 
 /// Offset from the stack base, representing the end of the stack frame.
 max_end_stack: u32 = 0,
 /// Represents the current end stack offset. If there is no existing slot
 /// to place a new stack allocation, it goes here, and then bumps `max_end_stack`.
 next_stack_offset: u32 = 0,
 
 saved_regs_stack_space: u32 = 0,
 
 /// Debug field, used to find bugs in the compiler.
 air_bookkeeping: @TypeOf(air_bookkeeping_init) = air_bookkeeping_init,
 
 const air_bookkeeping_init = if (std.debug.runtime_safety) @as(usize, 0) else {};
 
 const MCValue = union(enum) {
     /// No runtime bits. `void` types, empty structs, u0, enums with 1 tag, etc.
     /// TODO Look into deleting this tag and using `dead` instead, since every use
     /// of MCValue.none should be instead looking at the type and noticing it is 0 bits.
     none,
     /// Control flow will not allow this value to be observed.
     unreach,
     /// No more references to this value remain.
     dead,
     /// The value is undefined.
     undef,
     /// A pointer-sized integer that fits in a register.
     /// If the type is a pointer, this is the pointer address in virtual address space.
     immediate: u64,
     /// The value is in a target-specific register.
     register: Register,
     /// The value is in memory at a hard-coded address.
     /// If the type is a pointer, it means the pointer address is at this memory location.
     memory: u64,
     /// The value is in memory referenced indirectly via a GOT entry index.
     /// If the type is a pointer, it means the pointer is referenced indirectly via GOT.
     /// When lowered, linker will emit relocations of type ARM64_RELOC_GOT_LOAD_PAGE21 and ARM64_RELOC_GOT_LOAD_PAGEOFF12.
     got_load: u32,
     /// The value is in memory referenced directly via symbol index.
     /// If the type is a pointer, it means the pointer is referenced directly via symbol index.
     /// When lowered, linker will emit a relocation of type ARM64_RELOC_PAGE21 and ARM64_RELOC_PAGEOFF12.
     direct_load: u32,
     /// The value is one of the stack variables.
     /// If the type is a pointer, it means the pointer address is in the stack at this offset.
     stack_offset: u32,
     /// The value is a pointer to one of the stack variables (payload is stack offset).
     ptr_stack_offset: u32,
     /// The value is in the compare flags assuming an unsigned operation,
     /// with this operator applied on top of it.
     compare_flags_unsigned: math.CompareOperator,
     /// The value is in the compare flags assuming a signed operation,
     /// with this operator applied on top of it.
     compare_flags_signed: math.CompareOperator,
 
     fn isMemory(mcv: MCValue) bool {
         return switch (mcv) {
             .memory, .stack_offset => true,
             else => false,
         };
     }
 
     fn isImmediate(mcv: MCValue) bool {
         return switch (mcv) {
             .immediate => true,
             else => false,
         };
     }
 
     fn isMutable(mcv: MCValue) bool {
         return switch (mcv) {
             .none => unreachable,
             .unreach => unreachable,
             .dead => unreachable,
 
             .immediate,
             .memory,
             .compare_flags_unsigned,
             .compare_flags_signed,
             .ptr_stack_offset,
             .undef,
             => false,
 
             .register,
             .stack_offset,
             => true,
         };
     }
 };
 
 const Branch = struct {
     inst_table: std.AutoArrayHashMapUnmanaged(Air.Inst.Index, MCValue) = .{},
 
     fn deinit(self: *Branch, gpa: Allocator) void {
         self.inst_table.deinit(gpa);
         self.* = undefined;
     }
 };
 
 const StackAllocation = struct {
     inst: Air.Inst.Index,
     /// TODO do we need size? should be determined by inst.ty.abiSize()
     size: u32,
 };
 
 const BlockData = struct {
     relocs: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(Mir.Inst.Index),
     /// The first break instruction encounters `null` here and chooses a
     /// machine code value for the block result, populating this field.
     /// Following break instructions encounter that value and use it for
     /// the location to store their block results.
     mcv: MCValue,
 };
 
 const BigTomb = struct {
     function: *Self,
     inst: Air.Inst.Index,
     lbt: Liveness.BigTomb,
 
     fn feed(bt: *BigTomb, op_ref: Air.Inst.Ref) void {
         const dies = bt.lbt.feed();
         const op_index = Air.refToIndex(op_ref) orelse return;
         if (!dies) return;
         bt.function.processDeath(op_index);
     }
 
     fn finishAir(bt: *BigTomb, result: MCValue) void {
         const is_used = !bt.function.liveness.isUnused(bt.inst);
         if (is_used) {
             log.debug("%{d} => {}", .{ bt.inst, result });
             const branch = &bt.function.branch_stack.items[bt.function.branch_stack.items.len - 1];
             branch.inst_table.putAssumeCapacityNoClobber(bt.inst, result);
         }
         bt.function.finishAirBookkeeping();
     }
 };
 
 const Self = @This();
 
 pub fn generate(
     bin_file: *link.File,
     src_loc: Module.SrcLoc,
     module_fn: *Module.Fn,
     air: Air,
     liveness: Liveness,
     code: *std.ArrayList(u8),
     debug_output: DebugInfoOutput,
 ) GenerateSymbolError!FnResult {
     if (build_options.skip_non_native and builtin.cpu.arch != bin_file.options.target.cpu.arch) {
         @panic("Attempted to compile for architecture that was disabled by build configuration");
     }
 
     const mod = bin_file.options.module.?;
     const fn_owner_decl = mod.declPtr(module_fn.owner_decl);
     assert(fn_owner_decl.has_tv);
     const fn_type = fn_owner_decl.ty;
 
     var branch_stack = std.ArrayList(Branch).init(bin_file.allocator);
     defer {
         assert(branch_stack.items.len == 1);
         branch_stack.items[0].deinit(bin_file.allocator);
         branch_stack.deinit();
     }
     try branch_stack.append(.{});
 
     var function = Self{
         .gpa = bin_file.allocator,
         .air = air,
         .liveness = liveness,
         .target = &bin_file.options.target,
         .bin_file = bin_file,
         .mod_fn = module_fn,
         .err_msg = null,
         .args = undefined, // populated after `resolveCallingConventionValues`
         .ret_mcv = undefined, // populated after `resolveCallingConventionValues`
         .fn_type = fn_type,
         .arg_index = 0,
         .branch_stack = &branch_stack,
         .src_loc = src_loc,
         .stack_align = undefined,
         .end_di_line = module_fn.rbrace_line,
         .end_di_column = module_fn.rbrace_column,
     };
     defer function.stack.deinit(bin_file.allocator);
     defer function.blocks.deinit(bin_file.allocator);
     defer function.exitlude_jump_relocs.deinit(bin_file.allocator);
 
     var call_info = function.resolveCallingConventionValues(fn_type) catch |err| switch (err) {
         error.CodegenFail => return FnResult{ .fail = function.err_msg.? },
         error.OutOfRegisters => return FnResult{
             .fail = try ErrorMsg.create(bin_file.allocator, src_loc, "CodeGen ran out of registers. This is a bug in the Zig compiler.", .{}),
         },
         else => |e| return e,
     };
     defer call_info.deinit(&function);
 
     function.args = call_info.args;
     function.ret_mcv = call_info.return_value;
     function.stack_align = call_info.stack_align;
     function.max_end_stack = call_info.stack_byte_count;
 
     function.gen() catch |err| switch (err) {
         error.CodegenFail => return FnResult{ .fail = function.err_msg.? },
         error.OutOfRegisters => return FnResult{
             .fail = try ErrorMsg.create(bin_file.allocator, src_loc, "CodeGen ran out of registers. This is a bug in the Zig compiler.", .{}),
         },
         else => |e| return e,
     };
 
     var mir = Mir{
         .instructions = function.mir_instructions.toOwnedSlice(),
         .extra = function.mir_extra.toOwnedSlice(bin_file.allocator),
     };
     defer mir.deinit(bin_file.allocator);
 
     var emit = Emit{
         .mir = mir,
         .bin_file = bin_file,
         .debug_output = debug_output,
         .target = &bin_file.options.target,
         .src_loc = src_loc,
         .code = code,
         .prev_di_pc = 0,
         .prev_di_line = module_fn.lbrace_line,
         .prev_di_column = module_fn.lbrace_column,
         .stack_size = mem.alignForwardGeneric(u32, function.max_end_stack, function.stack_align),
     };
     defer emit.deinit();
 
     emit.emitMir() catch |err| switch (err) {
         error.EmitFail => return FnResult{ .fail = emit.err_msg.? },
         else => |e| return e,
     };
 
     if (function.err_msg) |em| {
         return FnResult{ .fail = em };
     } else {
         return FnResult{ .appended = {} };
     }
 }
 
 fn addInst(self: *Self, inst: Mir.Inst) error{OutOfMemory}!Mir.Inst.Index {
     const gpa = self.gpa;
 
     try self.mir_instructions.ensureUnusedCapacity(gpa, 1);
 
     const result_index = @intCast(Air.Inst.Index, self.mir_instructions.len);
     self.mir_instructions.appendAssumeCapacity(inst);
     return result_index;
 }
 
 pub fn addExtra(self: *Self, extra: anytype) Allocator.Error!u32 {
     const fields = std.meta.fields(@TypeOf(extra));
     try self.mir_extra.ensureUnusedCapacity(self.gpa, fields.len);
     return self.addExtraAssumeCapacity(extra);
 }
 
 pub fn addExtraAssumeCapacity(self: *Self, extra: anytype) u32 {
     const fields = std.meta.fields(@TypeOf(extra));
     const result = @intCast(u32, self.mir_extra.items.len);
     inline for (fields) |field| {
         self.mir_extra.appendAssumeCapacity(switch (field.field_type) {
             u32 => @field(extra, field.name),
             i32 => @bitCast(u32, @field(extra, field.name)),
             else => @compileError("bad field type"),
         });
     }
     return result;
 }
 
 fn gen(self: *Self) !void {
     const cc = self.fn_type.fnCallingConvention();
     if (cc != .Naked) {
         // stp fp, lr, [sp, #-16]!
         _ = try self.addInst(.{
             .tag = .stp,
             .data = .{ .load_store_register_pair = .{
                 .rt = .x29,
                 .rt2 = .x30,
                 .rn = .sp,
                 .offset = Instruction.LoadStorePairOffset.pre_index(-16),
             } },
         });
 
         // <store other registers>
         const backpatch_save_registers = try self.addInst(.{
             .tag = .nop,
             .data = .{ .nop = {} },
         });
 
         // mov fp, sp
         _ = try self.addInst(.{
             .tag = .mov_to_from_sp,
             .data = .{ .rr = .{ .rd = .x29, .rn = .sp } },
         });
 
         // sub sp, sp, #reloc
         const backpatch_reloc = try self.addInst(.{
             .tag = .nop,
             .data = .{ .nop = {} },
         });
 
         _ = try self.addInst(.{
             .tag = .dbg_prologue_end,
             .data = .{ .nop = {} },
         });
 
         try self.genBody(self.air.getMainBody());
 
         // Backpatch push callee saved regs
         var saved_regs: u32 = 0;
         self.saved_regs_stack_space = 16;
         inline for (callee_preserved_regs) |reg| {
             if (self.register_manager.isRegAllocated(reg)) {
                 saved_regs |= @as(u32, 1) << @intCast(u5, reg.id());
                 self.saved_regs_stack_space += 8;
             }
         }
 
         // Emit.mirPopPushRegs automatically adds extra empty space so
         // that sp is always aligned to 16
         if (!std.mem.isAlignedGeneric(u32, self.saved_regs_stack_space, 16)) {
             self.saved_regs_stack_space += 8;
         }
         assert(std.mem.isAlignedGeneric(u32, self.saved_regs_stack_space, 16));
 
         self.mir_instructions.set(backpatch_save_registers, .{
             .tag = .push_regs,
             .data = .{ .reg_list = saved_regs },
         });
 
         // Backpatch stack offset
         const total_stack_size = self.max_end_stack + self.saved_regs_stack_space;
         const aligned_total_stack_end = mem.alignForwardGeneric(u32, total_stack_size, self.stack_align);
         const stack_size = aligned_total_stack_end - self.saved_regs_stack_space;
         if (math.cast(u12, stack_size)) |size| {
             self.mir_instructions.set(backpatch_reloc, .{
                 .tag = .sub_immediate,
                 .data = .{ .rr_imm12_sh = .{ .rd = .sp, .rn = .sp, .imm12 = size } },
             });
         } else |_| {
             return self.failSymbol("TODO AArch64: allow larger stacks", .{});
         }
 
         _ = try self.addInst(.{
             .tag = .dbg_epilogue_begin,
             .data = .{ .nop = {} },
         });
 
         // exitlude jumps
         if (self.exitlude_jump_relocs.items.len > 0 and
             self.exitlude_jump_relocs.items[self.exitlude_jump_relocs.items.len - 1] == self.mir_instructions.len - 2)
         {
             // If the last Mir instruction (apart from the
             // dbg_epilogue_begin) is the last exitlude jump
             // relocation (which would just jump one instruction
             // further), it can be safely removed
             self.mir_instructions.orderedRemove(self.exitlude_jump_relocs.pop());
         }
 
         for (self.exitlude_jump_relocs.items) |jmp_reloc| {
             self.mir_instructions.set(jmp_reloc, .{
                 .tag = .b,
                 .data = .{ .inst = @intCast(u32, self.mir_instructions.len) },
             });
         }
 
         // add sp, sp, #stack_size
         _ = try self.addInst(.{
             .tag = .add_immediate,
             .data = .{ .rr_imm12_sh = .{ .rd = .sp, .rn = .sp, .imm12 = @intCast(u12, stack_size) } },
         });
 
         // <load other registers>
         _ = try self.addInst(.{
             .tag = .pop_regs,
             .data = .{ .reg_list = saved_regs },
         });
 
         // ldp fp, lr, [sp], #16
         _ = try self.addInst(.{
             .tag = .ldp,
             .data = .{ .load_store_register_pair = .{
                 .rt = .x29,
                 .rt2 = .x30,
                 .rn = .sp,
                 .offset = Instruction.LoadStorePairOffset.post_index(16),
             } },
         });
 
         // ret lr
         _ = try self.addInst(.{
             .tag = .ret,
             .data = .{ .reg = .x30 },
         });
     } else {
         _ = try self.addInst(.{
             .tag = .dbg_prologue_end,
             .data = .{ .nop = {} },
         });
 
         try self.genBody(self.air.getMainBody());
 
         _ = try self.addInst(.{
             .tag = .dbg_epilogue_begin,
             .data = .{ .nop = {} },
         });
     }
 
     // Drop them off at the rbrace.
     _ = try self.addInst(.{
         .tag = .dbg_line,
         .data = .{ .dbg_line_column = .{
             .line = self.end_di_line,
             .column = self.end_di_column,
         } },
     });
 }
 
 fn genBody(self: *Self, body: []const Air.Inst.Index) InnerError!void {
     const air_tags = self.air.instructions.items(.tag);
 
     for (body) |inst| {
         const old_air_bookkeeping = self.air_bookkeeping;
         try self.ensureProcessDeathCapacity(Liveness.bpi);
 
         switch (air_tags[inst]) {
             // zig fmt: off
             .add, .ptr_add   => try self.airBinOp(inst),
             .addwrap         => try self.airBinOp(inst),
             .add_sat         => try self.airAddSat(inst),
             .sub, .ptr_sub   => try self.airBinOp(inst),
             .subwrap         => try self.airBinOp(inst),
             .sub_sat         => try self.airSubSat(inst),
             .mul             => try self.airBinOp(inst),
             .mulwrap         => try self.airBinOp(inst),
             .mul_sat         => try self.airMulSat(inst),
             .rem             => try self.airRem(inst),
             .mod             => try self.airMod(inst),
             .shl, .shl_exact => try self.airBinOp(inst),
             .shl_sat         => try self.airShlSat(inst),
             .min             => try self.airMin(inst),
             .max             => try self.airMax(inst),
             .slice           => try self.airSlice(inst),
 
             .sqrt,
             .sin,
             .cos,
             .tan,
             .exp,
             .exp2,
             .log,
             .log2,
             .log10,
             .fabs,
             .floor,
             .ceil,
             .round,
             .trunc_float
             => try self.airUnaryMath(inst),
 
             .add_with_overflow => try self.airAddWithOverflow(inst),
             .sub_with_overflow => try self.airSubWithOverflow(inst),
             .mul_with_overflow => try self.airMulWithOverflow(inst),
             .shl_with_overflow => try self.airShlWithOverflow(inst),
 
             .div_float, .div_trunc, .div_floor, .div_exact => try self.airDiv(inst),
 
             .cmp_lt  => try self.airCmp(inst, .lt),
             .cmp_lte => try self.airCmp(inst, .lte),
             .cmp_eq  => try self.airCmp(inst, .eq),
             .cmp_gte => try self.airCmp(inst, .gte),
             .cmp_gt  => try self.airCmp(inst, .gt),
             .cmp_neq => try self.airCmp(inst, .neq),
 
             .cmp_vector => try self.airCmpVector(inst),
             .cmp_lt_errors_len => try self.airCmpLtErrorsLen(inst),
 
             .bool_and        => try self.airBinOp(inst),
             .bool_or         => try self.airBinOp(inst),
             .bit_and         => try self.airBinOp(inst),
             .bit_or          => try self.airBinOp(inst),
             .xor             => try self.airBinOp(inst),
             .shr, .shr_exact => try self.airBinOp(inst),
 
             .alloc           => try self.airAlloc(inst),
             .ret_ptr         => try self.airRetPtr(inst),
             .arg             => try self.airArg(inst),
             .assembly        => try self.airAsm(inst),
             .bitcast         => try self.airBitCast(inst),
             .block           => try self.airBlock(inst),
             .br              => try self.airBr(inst),
             .breakpoint      => try self.airBreakpoint(),
             .ret_addr        => try self.airRetAddr(inst),
             .frame_addr      => try self.airFrameAddress(inst),
             .fence           => try self.airFence(),
             .cond_br         => try self.airCondBr(inst),
             .dbg_stmt        => try self.airDbgStmt(inst),
             .fptrunc         => try self.airFptrunc(inst),
             .fpext           => try self.airFpext(inst),
             .intcast         => try self.airIntCast(inst),
             .trunc           => try self.airTrunc(inst),
             .bool_to_int     => try self.airBoolToInt(inst),
             .is_non_null     => try self.airIsNonNull(inst),
             .is_non_null_ptr => try self.airIsNonNullPtr(inst),
             .is_null         => try self.airIsNull(inst),
             .is_null_ptr     => try self.airIsNullPtr(inst),
             .is_non_err      => try self.airIsNonErr(inst),
             .is_non_err_ptr  => try self.airIsNonErrPtr(inst),
             .is_err          => try self.airIsErr(inst),
             .is_err_ptr      => try self.airIsErrPtr(inst),
             .load            => try self.airLoad(inst),
             .loop            => try self.airLoop(inst),
             .not             => try self.airNot(inst),
             .ptrtoint        => try self.airPtrToInt(inst),
             .ret             => try self.airRet(inst),
             .ret_load        => try self.airRetLoad(inst),
             .store           => try self.airStore(inst),
             .struct_field_ptr=> try self.airStructFieldPtr(inst),
             .struct_field_val=> try self.airStructFieldVal(inst),
             .array_to_slice  => try self.airArrayToSlice(inst),
             .int_to_float    => try self.airIntToFloat(inst),
             .float_to_int    => try self.airFloatToInt(inst),
             .cmpxchg_strong  => try self.airCmpxchg(inst),
             .cmpxchg_weak    => try self.airCmpxchg(inst),
             .atomic_rmw      => try self.airAtomicRmw(inst),
             .atomic_load     => try self.airAtomicLoad(inst),
             .memcpy          => try self.airMemcpy(inst),
             .memset          => try self.airMemset(inst),
             .set_union_tag   => try self.airSetUnionTag(inst),
             .get_union_tag   => try self.airGetUnionTag(inst),
             .clz             => try self.airClz(inst),
             .ctz             => try self.airCtz(inst),
             .popcount        => try self.airPopcount(inst),
             .byte_swap       => try self.airByteSwap(inst),
             .bit_reverse     => try self.airBitReverse(inst),
             .tag_name        => try self.airTagName(inst),
             .error_name      => try self.airErrorName(inst),
             .splat           => try self.airSplat(inst),
             .select          => try self.airSelect(inst),
             .shuffle         => try self.airShuffle(inst),
             .reduce          => try self.airReduce(inst),
             .aggregate_init  => try self.airAggregateInit(inst),
             .union_init      => try self.airUnionInit(inst),
             .prefetch        => try self.airPrefetch(inst),
             .mul_add         => try self.airMulAdd(inst),
 
             .dbg_var_ptr,
             .dbg_var_val,
             => try self.airDbgVar(inst),
 
             .dbg_inline_begin,
             .dbg_inline_end,
             => try self.airDbgInline(inst),
 
             .dbg_block_begin,
             .dbg_block_end,
             => try self.airDbgBlock(inst),
 
             .call              => try self.airCall(inst, .auto),
             .call_always_tail  => try self.airCall(inst, .always_tail),
             .call_never_tail   => try self.airCall(inst, .never_tail),
             .call_never_inline => try self.airCall(inst, .never_inline),
 
             .atomic_store_unordered => try self.airAtomicStore(inst, .Unordered),
             .atomic_store_monotonic => try self.airAtomicStore(inst, .Monotonic),
             .atomic_store_release   => try self.airAtomicStore(inst, .Release),
             .atomic_store_seq_cst   => try self.airAtomicStore(inst, .SeqCst),
 
             .struct_field_ptr_index_0 => try self.airStructFieldPtrIndex(inst, 0),
             .struct_field_ptr_index_1 => try self.airStructFieldPtrIndex(inst, 1),
             .struct_field_ptr_index_2 => try self.airStructFieldPtrIndex(inst, 2),
             .struct_field_ptr_index_3 => try self.airStructFieldPtrIndex(inst, 3),
 
             .field_parent_ptr => try self.airFieldParentPtr(inst),
 
             .switch_br       => try self.airSwitch(inst),
             .slice_ptr       => try self.airSlicePtr(inst),
             .slice_len       => try self.airSliceLen(inst),
 
             .ptr_slice_len_ptr => try self.airPtrSliceLenPtr(inst),
             .ptr_slice_ptr_ptr => try self.airPtrSlicePtrPtr(inst),
 
             .array_elem_val      => try self.airArrayElemVal(inst),
             .slice_elem_val      => try self.airSliceElemVal(inst),
             .slice_elem_ptr      => try self.airSliceElemPtr(inst),
             .ptr_elem_val        => try self.airPtrElemVal(inst),
             .ptr_elem_ptr        => try self.airPtrElemPtr(inst),
 
             .constant => unreachable, // excluded from function bodies
             .const_ty => unreachable, // excluded from function bodies
             .unreach  => self.finishAirBookkeeping(),
 
             .optional_payload           => try self.airOptionalPayload(inst),
             .optional_payload_ptr       => try self.airOptionalPayloadPtr(inst),
             .optional_payload_ptr_set   => try self.airOptionalPayloadPtrSet(inst),
             .unwrap_errunion_err        => try self.airUnwrapErrErr(inst),
             .unwrap_errunion_payload    => try self.airUnwrapErrPayload(inst),
             .unwrap_errunion_err_ptr    => try self.airUnwrapErrErrPtr(inst),
             .unwrap_errunion_payload_ptr=> try self.airUnwrapErrPayloadPtr(inst),
             .errunion_payload_ptr_set   => try self.airErrUnionPayloadPtrSet(inst),
 
             .wrap_optional         => try self.airWrapOptional(inst),
             .wrap_errunion_payload => try self.airWrapErrUnionPayload(inst),
             .wrap_errunion_err     => try self.airWrapErrUnionErr(inst),
 
             .wasm_memory_size => unreachable,
             .wasm_memory_grow => unreachable,
             // zig fmt: on
         }
 
         assert(!self.register_manager.frozenRegsExist());
 
         if (std.debug.runtime_safety) {
             if (self.air_bookkeeping < old_air_bookkeeping + 1) {
                 std.debug.panic("in codegen.zig, handling of AIR instruction %{d} ('{}') did not do proper bookkeeping. Look for a missing call to finishAir.", .{ inst, air_tags[inst] });
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
 /// Asserts there is already capacity to insert into top branch inst_table.
 fn processDeath(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) void {
     const air_tags = self.air.instructions.items(.tag);
     if (air_tags[inst] == .constant) return; // Constants are immortal.
     // When editing this function, note that the logic must synchronize with `reuseOperand`.
     const prev_value = self.getResolvedInstValue(inst);
     const branch = &self.branch_stack.items[self.branch_stack.items.len - 1];
     branch.inst_table.putAssumeCapacity(inst, .dead);
     switch (prev_value) {
         .register => |reg| {
             const canon_reg = toCanonicalReg(reg);
             self.register_manager.freeReg(canon_reg);
         },
         .compare_flags_signed, .compare_flags_unsigned => {
             self.compare_flags_inst = null;
         },
         else => {}, // TODO process stack allocation death
     }
 }
 
 /// Called when there are no operands, and the instruction is always unreferenced.
 fn finishAirBookkeeping(self: *Self) void {
     if (std.debug.runtime_safety) {
         self.air_bookkeeping += 1;
     }
 }
 
 fn finishAir(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index, result: MCValue, operands: [Liveness.bpi - 1]Air.Inst.Ref) void {
     var tomb_bits = self.liveness.getTombBits(inst);
     for (operands) |op| {
         const dies = @truncate(u1, tomb_bits) != 0;
         tomb_bits >>= 1;
         if (!dies) continue;
         const op_int = @enumToInt(op);
         if (op_int < Air.Inst.Ref.typed_value_map.len) continue;
         const op_index = @intCast(Air.Inst.Index, op_int - Air.Inst.Ref.typed_value_map.len);
         self.processDeath(op_index);
     }
     const is_used = @truncate(u1, tomb_bits) == 0;
     if (is_used) {
         log.debug("%{d} => {}", .{ inst, result });
         const branch = &self.branch_stack.items[self.branch_stack.items.len - 1];
         branch.inst_table.putAssumeCapacityNoClobber(inst, result);
 
         switch (result) {
             .register => |reg| {
                 // In some cases (such as bitcast), an operand
                 // may be the same MCValue as the result. If
                 // that operand died and was a register, it
                 // was freed by processDeath. We have to
                 // "re-allocate" the register.
                 if (self.register_manager.isRegFree(reg)) {
                     self.register_manager.getRegAssumeFree(reg, inst);
                 }
             },
             else => {},
         }
     }
     self.finishAirBookkeeping();
 }
 
 fn ensureProcessDeathCapacity(self: *Self, additional_count: usize) !void {
     const table = &self.branch_stack.items[self.branch_stack.items.len - 1].inst_table;
     try table.ensureUnusedCapacity(self.gpa, additional_count);
 }
 
 /// Adds a Type to the .debug_info at the current position. The bytes will be populated later,
 /// after codegen for this symbol is done.
 fn addDbgInfoTypeReloc(self: *Self, ty: Type) !void {
     switch (self.debug_output) {
         .dwarf => |dbg_out| {
             assert(ty.hasRuntimeBits());
             const index = dbg_out.dbg_info.items.len;
             try dbg_out.dbg_info.resize(index + 4); // DW.AT.type,  DW.FORM.ref4
 
             const gop = try dbg_out.dbg_info_type_relocs.getOrPutContext(self.gpa, ty, .{
                 .target = self.target.*,
             });
             if (!gop.found_existing) {
                 gop.value_ptr.* = .{
                     .off = undefined,
                     .relocs = .{},
                 };
             }
             try gop.value_ptr.relocs.append(self.gpa, @intCast(u32, index));
         },
         .plan9 => {},
         .none => {},
     }
 }
 
 fn allocMem(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index, abi_size: u32, abi_align: u32) !u32 {
     if (abi_align > self.stack_align)
         self.stack_align = abi_align;
     // TODO find a free slot instead of always appending
     const offset = mem.alignForwardGeneric(u32, self.next_stack_offset, abi_align) + abi_size;
     self.next_stack_offset = offset;
     self.max_end_stack = @maximum(self.max_end_stack, self.next_stack_offset);
     try self.stack.putNoClobber(self.gpa, offset, .{
         .inst = inst,
         .size = abi_size,
     });
     return offset;
 }
 
 /// Use a pointer instruction as the basis for allocating stack memory.
 fn allocMemPtr(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !u32 {
     const elem_ty = self.air.typeOfIndex(inst).elemType();
 
     if (!elem_ty.hasRuntimeBits()) {
         // return the stack offset 0. Stack offset 0 will be where all
         // zero-sized stack allocations live as non-zero-sized
         // allocations will always have an offset > 0.
         return @as(u32, 0);
     }
 
     const abi_size = math.cast(u32, elem_ty.abiSize(self.target.*)) catch {
         const mod = self.bin_file.options.module.?;
         return self.fail("type '{}' too big to fit into stack frame", .{elem_ty.fmt(mod)});
     };
     // TODO swap this for inst.ty.ptrAlign
     const abi_align = elem_ty.abiAlignment(self.target.*);
     return self.allocMem(inst, abi_size, abi_align);
 }
 
 fn allocRegOrMem(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index, reg_ok: bool) !MCValue {
     const elem_ty = self.air.typeOfIndex(inst);
     const abi_size = math.cast(u32, elem_ty.abiSize(self.target.*)) catch {
         const mod = self.bin_file.options.module.?;
         return self.fail("type '{}' too big to fit into stack frame", .{elem_ty.fmt(mod)});
     };
     const abi_align = elem_ty.abiAlignment(self.target.*);
     if (abi_align > self.stack_align)
         self.stack_align = abi_align;
 
     if (reg_ok) {
         // Make sure the type can fit in a register before we try to allocate one.
         if (abi_size <= 8) {
             if (self.register_manager.tryAllocReg(inst)) |reg| {
                 return MCValue{ .register = registerAlias(reg, abi_size) };
             }
         }
     }
     const stack_offset = try self.allocMem(inst, abi_size, abi_align);
     return MCValue{ .stack_offset = stack_offset };
 }
 
 pub fn spillInstruction(self: *Self, reg: Register, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const stack_mcv = try self.allocRegOrMem(inst, false);
     log.debug("spilling {d} to stack mcv {any}", .{ inst, stack_mcv });
     const reg_mcv = self.getResolvedInstValue(inst);
     assert(reg == toCanonicalReg(reg_mcv.register));
     const branch = &self.branch_stack.items[self.branch_stack.items.len - 1];
     try branch.inst_table.put(self.gpa, inst, stack_mcv);
     try self.genSetStack(self.air.typeOfIndex(inst), stack_mcv.stack_offset, reg_mcv);
 }
 
 /// Save the current instruction stored in the compare flags if
 /// occupied
 fn spillCompareFlagsIfOccupied(self: *Self) !void {
     if (self.compare_flags_inst) |inst_to_save| {
         const mcv = self.getResolvedInstValue(inst_to_save);
         assert(mcv == .compare_flags_signed or mcv == .compare_flags_unsigned);
 
         const new_mcv = try self.allocRegOrMem(inst_to_save, true);
         try self.setRegOrMem(self.air.typeOfIndex(inst_to_save), new_mcv, mcv);
         log.debug("spilling {d} to mcv {any}", .{ inst_to_save, new_mcv });
 
         const branch = &self.branch_stack.items[self.branch_stack.items.len - 1];
         try branch.inst_table.put(self.gpa, inst_to_save, new_mcv);
 
         self.compare_flags_inst = null;
     }
 }
 
 /// Copies a value to a register without tracking the register. The register is not considered
 /// allocated. A second call to `copyToTmpRegister` may return the same register.
 /// This can have a side effect of spilling instructions to the stack to free up a register.
 fn copyToTmpRegister(self: *Self, ty: Type, mcv: MCValue) !Register {
     const raw_reg = try self.register_manager.allocReg(null);
     const reg = registerAlias(raw_reg, ty.abiSize(self.target.*));
     try self.genSetReg(ty, reg, mcv);
     return reg;
 }
 
 /// Allocates a new register and copies `mcv` into it.
 /// `reg_owner` is the instruction that gets associated with the register in the register table.
 /// This can have a side effect of spilling instructions to the stack to free up a register.
 fn copyToNewRegister(self: *Self, reg_owner: Air.Inst.Index, mcv: MCValue) !MCValue {
     const raw_reg = try self.register_manager.allocReg(reg_owner);
     const ty = self.air.typeOfIndex(reg_owner);
     const reg = registerAlias(raw_reg, ty.abiSize(self.target.*));
     try self.genSetReg(self.air.typeOfIndex(reg_owner), reg, mcv);
     return MCValue{ .register = reg };
 }
 
 fn airAlloc(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const stack_offset = try self.allocMemPtr(inst);
     return self.finishAir(inst, .{ .ptr_stack_offset = stack_offset }, .{ .none, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airRetPtr(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const stack_offset = try self.allocMemPtr(inst);
     return self.finishAir(inst, .{ .ptr_stack_offset = stack_offset }, .{ .none, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airFptrunc(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement airFptrunc for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airFpext(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement airFpext for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airIntCast(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst))
         return self.finishAir(inst, .dead, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 
     const operand_ty = self.air.typeOf(ty_op.operand);
     const operand = try self.resolveInst(ty_op.operand);
     const info_a = operand_ty.intInfo(self.target.*);
     const info_b = self.air.typeOfIndex(inst).intInfo(self.target.*);
     if (info_a.signedness != info_b.signedness)
         return self.fail("TODO gen intcast sign safety in semantic analysis", .{});
 
     if (info_a.bits == info_b.bits)
         return self.finishAir(inst, operand, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 
     return self.fail("TODO implement intCast for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
 }
 
 fn truncRegister(
     self: *Self,
     operand_reg: Register,
     dest_reg: Register,
     int_signedness: std.builtin.Signedness,
     int_bits: u16,
 ) !void {
     switch (int_bits) {
         1...31, 33...63 => {
             _ = try self.addInst(.{
                 .tag = switch (int_signedness) {
                     .signed => .sbfx,
                     .unsigned => .ubfx,
                 },
                 .data = .{ .rr_lsb_width = .{
                     .rd = dest_reg,
                     .rn = operand_reg,
                     .lsb = 0,
                     .width = @intCast(u6, int_bits),
                 } },
             });
         },
         32, 64 => {
             _ = try self.addInst(.{
                 .tag = .mov_register,
                 .data = .{ .rr = .{
                     .rd = dest_reg,
                     .rn = operand_reg,
                 } },
             });
         },
         else => unreachable,
     }
 }
 
 fn trunc(
     self: *Self,
     maybe_inst: ?Air.Inst.Index,
     operand: MCValue,
     operand_ty: Type,
     dest_ty: Type,
 ) !MCValue {
     const info_a = operand_ty.intInfo(self.target.*);
     const info_b = dest_ty.intInfo(self.target.*);
 
     if (info_b.bits <= 64) {
         const operand_reg = switch (operand) {
             .register => |r| r,
             else => operand_reg: {
                 if (info_a.bits <= 64) {
                     const raw_reg = try self.copyToTmpRegister(operand_ty, operand);
                     break :operand_reg registerAlias(raw_reg, operand_ty.abiSize(self.target.*));
                 } else {
                     return self.fail("TODO load least significant word into register", .{});
                 }
             },
         };
         self.register_manager.freezeRegs(&.{operand_reg});
         defer self.register_manager.unfreezeRegs(&.{operand_reg});
 
         const dest_reg = if (maybe_inst) |inst| blk: {
             const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
 
             if (operand == .register and self.reuseOperand(inst, ty_op.operand, 0, operand)) {
                 break :blk registerAlias(operand_reg, dest_ty.abiSize(self.target.*));
             } else {
                 const raw_reg = try self.register_manager.allocReg(inst);
                 break :blk registerAlias(raw_reg, dest_ty.abiSize(self.target.*));
             }
         } else blk: {
             const raw_reg = try self.register_manager.allocReg(null);
             break :blk registerAlias(raw_reg, dest_ty.abiSize(self.target.*));
         };
 
         try self.truncRegister(operand_reg, dest_reg, info_b.signedness, info_b.bits);
 
         return MCValue{ .register = dest_reg };
     } else {
         return self.fail("TODO: truncate to ints > 32 bits", .{});
     }
 }
 
 fn airTrunc(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const operand = try self.resolveInst(ty_op.operand);
     const operand_ty = self.air.typeOf(ty_op.operand);
     const dest_ty = self.air.typeOfIndex(inst);
 
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else blk: {
         break :blk try self.trunc(inst, operand, operand_ty, dest_ty);
     };
 
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airBoolToInt(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const un_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].un_op;
     const operand = try self.resolveInst(un_op);
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else operand;
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ un_op, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airNot(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else result: {
         const operand = try self.resolveInst(ty_op.operand);
         const operand_ty = self.air.typeOf(ty_op.operand);
         switch (operand) {
             .dead => unreachable,
             .unreach => unreachable,
             .compare_flags_unsigned => |op| {
                 const r = MCValue{
                     .compare_flags_unsigned = switch (op) {
                         .gte => .lt,
                         .gt => .lte,
                         .neq => .eq,
                         .lt => .gte,
                         .lte => .gt,
                         .eq => .neq,
                     },
                 };
                 break :result r;
             },
             .compare_flags_signed => |op| {
                 const r = MCValue{
                     .compare_flags_signed = switch (op) {
                         .gte => .lt,
                         .gt => .lte,
                         .neq => .eq,
                         .lt => .gte,
                         .lte => .gt,
                         .eq => .neq,
                     },
                 };
                 break :result r;
             },
             else => {
                 switch (operand_ty.zigTypeTag()) {
                     .Bool => {
                         // TODO convert this to mvn + and
                         const op_reg = switch (operand) {
                             .register => |r| r,
                             else => try self.copyToTmpRegister(operand_ty, operand),
                         };
                         self.register_manager.freezeRegs(&.{op_reg});
                         defer self.register_manager.unfreezeRegs(&.{op_reg});
 
                         const dest_reg = blk: {
                             if (operand == .register and self.reuseOperand(inst, ty_op.operand, 0, operand)) {
                                 break :blk op_reg;
                             }
 
                             const raw_reg = try self.register_manager.allocReg(null);
                             break :blk raw_reg.to32();
                         };
 
                         _ = try self.addInst(.{
                             .tag = .eor_immediate,
                             .data = .{ .rr_bitmask = .{
                                 .rd = dest_reg,
                                 .rn = op_reg,
                                 .imms = 0b000000,
                                 .immr = 0b000000,
                                 .n = 0b0,
                             } },
                         });
 
                         break :result MCValue{ .register = dest_reg };
                     },
                     .Vector => return self.fail("TODO bitwise not for vectors", .{}),
                     .Int => {
                         const int_info = operand_ty.intInfo(self.target.*);
                         if (int_info.bits <= 64) {
                             const op_reg = switch (operand) {
                                 .register => |r| r,
                                 else => try self.copyToTmpRegister(operand_ty, operand),
                             };
                             self.register_manager.freezeRegs(&.{op_reg});
                             defer self.register_manager.unfreezeRegs(&.{op_reg});
 
                             const dest_reg = blk: {
                                 if (operand == .register and self.reuseOperand(inst, ty_op.operand, 0, operand)) {
                                     break :blk op_reg;
                                 }
 
                                 const raw_reg = try self.register_manager.allocReg(null);
                                 break :blk registerAlias(raw_reg, operand_ty.abiSize(self.target.*));
                             };
 
                             _ = try self.addInst(.{
                                 .tag = .mvn,
                                 .data = .{ .rr_imm6_logical_shift = .{
                                     .rd = dest_reg,
                                     .rm = op_reg,
                                     .imm6 = 0,
                                     .shift = .lsl,
                                 } },
                             });
 
                             try self.truncRegister(dest_reg, dest_reg, int_info.signedness, int_info.bits);
 
                             break :result MCValue{ .register = dest_reg };
                         } else {
                             return self.fail("TODO AArch64 not on integers > u64/i64", .{});
                         }
                     },
                     else => unreachable,
                 }
             },
         }
     };
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airMin(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const bin_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].bin_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement min for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ bin_op.lhs, bin_op.rhs, .none });
 }
 
 fn airMax(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const bin_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].bin_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement max for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ bin_op.lhs, bin_op.rhs, .none });
 }
 
 fn airSlice(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_pl = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_pl;
     const bin_op = self.air.extraData(Air.Bin, ty_pl.payload).data;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else result: {
         const ptr = try self.resolveInst(bin_op.lhs);
         const ptr_ty = self.air.typeOf(bin_op.lhs);
         const len = try self.resolveInst(bin_op.rhs);
         const len_ty = self.air.typeOf(bin_op.rhs);
 
         const ptr_bits = self.target.cpu.arch.ptrBitWidth();
         const ptr_bytes = @divExact(ptr_bits, 8);
 
         const stack_offset = try self.allocMem(inst, ptr_bytes * 2, ptr_bytes * 2);
         try self.genSetStack(ptr_ty, stack_offset, ptr);
         try self.genSetStack(len_ty, stack_offset - ptr_bytes, len);
         break :result MCValue{ .stack_offset = stack_offset };
     };
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ bin_op.lhs, bin_op.rhs, .none });
 }
 
 /// Don't call this function directly. Use binOp instead.
 ///
 /// Calling this function signals an intention to generate a Mir
 /// instruction of the form
 ///
 ///     op dest, lhs, rhs
 ///
 /// Asserts that generating an instruction of that form is possible.
 fn binOpRegister(
     self: *Self,
     mir_tag: Mir.Inst.Tag,
     maybe_inst: ?Air.Inst.Index,
     lhs: MCValue,
     rhs: MCValue,
     lhs_ty: Type,
     rhs_ty: Type,
 ) !MCValue {
     const lhs_is_register = lhs == .register;
     const rhs_is_register = rhs == .register;
 
     if (lhs_is_register) self.register_manager.freezeRegs(&.{lhs.register});
     if (rhs_is_register) self.register_manager.freezeRegs(&.{rhs.register});
 
     const branch = &self.branch_stack.items[self.branch_stack.items.len - 1];
 
     const lhs_reg = if (lhs_is_register) lhs.register else blk: {
         const track_inst: ?Air.Inst.Index = if (maybe_inst) |inst| inst: {
             const bin_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].bin_op;
             break :inst Air.refToIndex(bin_op.lhs).?;
         } else null;
 
         const raw_reg = try self.register_manager.allocReg(track_inst);
         const reg = registerAlias(raw_reg, lhs_ty.abiSize(self.target.*));
         self.register_manager.freezeRegs(&.{reg});
 
         if (track_inst) |inst| branch.inst_table.putAssumeCapacity(inst, .{ .register = reg });
 
         break :blk reg;
     };
     defer self.register_manager.unfreezeRegs(&.{lhs_reg});
 
     const rhs_reg = if (rhs_is_register) rhs.register else blk: {
         const track_inst: ?Air.Inst.Index = if (maybe_inst) |inst| inst: {
             const bin_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].bin_op;
             break :inst Air.refToIndex(bin_op.rhs).?;
         } else null;
 
         const raw_reg = try self.register_manager.allocReg(track_inst);
         const reg = registerAlias(raw_reg, rhs_ty.abiAlignment(self.target.*));
         self.register_manager.freezeRegs(&.{reg});
 
         if (track_inst) |inst| branch.inst_table.putAssumeCapacity(inst, .{ .register = reg });
 
         break :blk reg;
     };
     defer self.register_manager.unfreezeRegs(&.{rhs_reg});
 
     const dest_reg = if (maybe_inst) |inst| blk: {
         const bin_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].bin_op;
 
         if (lhs_is_register and self.reuseOperand(inst, bin_op.lhs, 0, lhs)) {
             break :blk lhs_reg;
         } else if (rhs_is_register and self.reuseOperand(inst, bin_op.rhs, 1, rhs)) {
             break :blk rhs_reg;
         } else {
             const raw_reg = try self.register_manager.allocReg(inst);
             break :blk registerAlias(raw_reg, lhs_ty.abiSize(self.target.*));
         }
     } else try self.register_manager.allocReg(null);
 
     if (!lhs_is_register) try self.genSetReg(lhs_ty, lhs_reg, lhs);
     if (!rhs_is_register) try self.genSetReg(rhs_ty, rhs_reg, rhs);
 
     const mir_data: Mir.Inst.Data = switch (mir_tag) {
         .add_shifted_register,
         .sub_shifted_register,
         => .{ .rrr_imm6_shift = .{
             .rd = dest_reg,
             .rn = lhs_reg,
             .rm = rhs_reg,
             .imm6 = 0,
             .shift = .lsl,
         } },
         .cmp_shifted_register => .{ .rr_imm6_shift = .{
             .rn = lhs_reg,
             .rm = rhs_reg,
             .imm6 = 0,
             .shift = .lsl,
         } },
         .mul,
         .lsl_register,
         .asr_register,
         .lsr_register,
         => .{ .rrr = .{
             .rd = dest_reg,
             .rn = lhs_reg,
             .rm = rhs_reg,
         } },
         .and_shifted_register,
         .orr_shifted_register,
         .eor_shifted_register,
         => .{ .rrr_imm6_logical_shift = .{
             .rd = dest_reg,
             .rn = lhs_reg,
             .rm = rhs_reg,
             .imm6 = 0,
             .shift = .lsl,
         } },
         else => unreachable,
     };
 
     _ = try self.addInst(.{
         .tag = mir_tag,
         .data = mir_data,
     });
 
     return MCValue{ .register = dest_reg };
 }
 
 /// Don't call this function directly. Use binOp instead.
 ///
 /// Calling this function signals an intention to generate a Mir
 /// instruction of the form
 ///
 ///     op dest, lhs, #rhs_imm
 ///
 /// Set lhs_and_rhs_swapped to true iff inst.bin_op.lhs corresponds to
 /// rhs and vice versa. This parameter is only used when maybe_inst !=
 /// null.
 ///
 /// Asserts that generating an instruction of that form is possible.
 fn binOpImmediate(
     self: *Self,
     mir_tag: Mir.Inst.Tag,
     maybe_inst: ?Air.Inst.Index,
     lhs: MCValue,
     rhs: MCValue,
     lhs_ty: Type,
     lhs_and_rhs_swapped: bool,
 ) !MCValue {
     const lhs_is_register = lhs == .register;
 
     if (lhs_is_register) self.register_manager.freezeRegs(&.{lhs.register});
 
     const branch = &self.branch_stack.items[self.branch_stack.items.len - 1];
 
     const lhs_reg = if (lhs_is_register) lhs.register else blk: {
         const track_inst: ?Air.Inst.Index = if (maybe_inst) |inst| inst: {
             const bin_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].bin_op;
             break :inst Air.refToIndex(
                 if (lhs_and_rhs_swapped) bin_op.rhs else bin_op.lhs,
             ).?;
         } else null;
 
         const raw_reg = try self.register_manager.allocReg(track_inst);
         const reg = registerAlias(raw_reg, lhs_ty.abiSize(self.target.*));
         self.register_manager.freezeRegs(&.{reg});
 
         if (track_inst) |inst| branch.inst_table.putAssumeCapacity(inst, .{ .register = reg });
 
         break :blk reg;
     };
     defer self.register_manager.unfreezeRegs(&.{lhs_reg});
 
     const dest_reg = switch (mir_tag) {
         .cmp_immediate => undefined, // cmp has no destination register
         else => if (maybe_inst) |inst| blk: {
             const bin_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].bin_op;
 
             if (lhs_is_register and self.reuseOperand(
                 inst,
                 if (lhs_and_rhs_swapped) bin_op.rhs else bin_op.lhs,
                 if (lhs_and_rhs_swapped) 1 else 0,
                 lhs,
             )) {
                 break :blk lhs_reg;
             } else {
                 const raw_reg = try self.register_manager.allocReg(inst);
                 break :blk registerAlias(raw_reg, lhs_ty.abiSize(self.target.*));
             }
         } else try self.register_manager.allocReg(null),
     };
 
     if (!lhs_is_register) try self.genSetReg(lhs_ty, lhs_reg, lhs);
 
     const mir_data: Mir.Inst.Data = switch (mir_tag) {
         .add_immediate,
         .sub_immediate,
         => .{ .rr_imm12_sh = .{
             .rd = dest_reg,
             .rn = lhs_reg,
             .imm12 = @intCast(u12, rhs.immediate),
         } },
         .lsl_immediate,
         .asr_immediate,
         .lsr_immediate,
         => .{ .rr_shift = .{
             .rd = dest_reg,
             .rn = lhs_reg,
             .shift = @intCast(u6, rhs.immediate),
         } },
         .cmp_immediate => .{ .r_imm12_sh = .{
             .rn = lhs_reg,
             .imm12 = @intCast(u12, rhs.immediate),
         } },
         else => unreachable,
     };
 
     _ = try self.addInst(.{
         .tag = mir_tag,
         .data = mir_data,
     });
 
     return MCValue{ .register = dest_reg };
 }
 
 /// For all your binary operation needs, this function will generate
 /// the corresponding Mir instruction(s). Returns the location of the
 /// result.
 ///
 /// If the binary operation itself happens to be an Air instruction,
 /// pass the corresponding index in the inst parameter. That helps
 /// this function do stuff like reusing operands.
 ///
 /// This function does not do any lowering to Mir itself, but instead
 /// looks at the lhs and rhs and determines which kind of lowering
 /// would be best suitable and then delegates the lowering to other
 /// functions.
 fn binOp(
     self: *Self,
     tag: Air.Inst.Tag,
     maybe_inst: ?Air.Inst.Index,
     lhs: MCValue,
     rhs: MCValue,
     lhs_ty: Type,
     rhs_ty: Type,
 ) InnerError!MCValue {
     const mod = self.bin_file.options.module.?;
     switch (tag) {
         .add,
         .sub,
         .cmp_eq,
         => {
             switch (lhs_ty.zigTypeTag()) {
                 .Float => return self.fail("TODO binary operations on floats", .{}),
                 .Vector => return self.fail("TODO binary operations on vectors", .{}),
                 .Int => {
                     assert(lhs_ty.eql(rhs_ty, mod));
                     const int_info = lhs_ty.intInfo(self.target.*);
                     if (int_info.bits <= 64) {
                         // Only say yes if the operation is
                         // commutative, i.e. we can swap both of the
                         // operands
                         const lhs_immediate_ok = switch (tag) {
                             .add => lhs == .immediate and lhs.immediate <= std.math.maxInt(u12),
                             .sub, .cmp_eq => false,
                             else => unreachable,
                         };
                         const rhs_immediate_ok = switch (tag) {
                             .add,
                             .sub,
                             .cmp_eq,
                             => rhs == .immediate and rhs.immediate <= std.math.maxInt(u12),
                             else => unreachable,
                         };
 
                         const mir_tag_register: Mir.Inst.Tag = switch (tag) {
                             .add => .add_shifted_register,
                             .sub => .sub_shifted_register,
                             .cmp_eq => .cmp_shifted_register,
                             else => unreachable,
                         };
                         const mir_tag_immediate: Mir.Inst.Tag = switch (tag) {
                             .add => .add_immediate,
                             .sub => .sub_immediate,
                             .cmp_eq => .cmp_immediate,
                             else => unreachable,
                         };
 
                         if (rhs_immediate_ok) {
                             return try self.binOpImmediate(mir_tag_immediate, maybe_inst, lhs, rhs, lhs_ty, false);
                         } else if (lhs_immediate_ok) {
                             // swap lhs and rhs
                             return try self.binOpImmediate(mir_tag_immediate, maybe_inst, rhs, lhs, rhs_ty, true);
                         } else {
                             return try self.binOpRegister(mir_tag_register, maybe_inst, lhs, rhs, lhs_ty, rhs_ty);
                         }
                     } else {
                         return self.fail("TODO binary operations on int with bits > 64", .{});
                     }
                 },
                 else => unreachable,
             }
         },
         .mul => {
             switch (lhs_ty.zigTypeTag()) {
                 .Vector => return self.fail("TODO binary operations on vectors", .{}),
                 .Int => {
                     assert(lhs_ty.eql(rhs_ty, mod));
                     const int_info = lhs_ty.intInfo(self.target.*);
                     if (int_info.bits <= 64) {
                         // TODO add optimisations for multiplication
                         // with immediates, for example a * 2 can be
                         // lowered to a << 1
                         return try self.binOpRegister(.mul, maybe_inst, lhs, rhs, lhs_ty, rhs_ty);
                     } else {
                         return self.fail("TODO binary operations on int with bits > 64", .{});
                     }
                 },
                 else => unreachable,
             }
         },
         .addwrap,
         .subwrap,
         .mulwrap,
         => {
             const base_tag: Air.Inst.Tag = switch (tag) {
                 .addwrap => .add,
                 .subwrap => .sub,
                 .mulwrap => .mul,
                 else => unreachable,
             };
 
             // Generate an add/sub/mul
             const result = try self.binOp(base_tag, maybe_inst, lhs, rhs, lhs_ty, rhs_ty);
 
             // Truncate if necessary
             switch (lhs_ty.zigTypeTag()) {
                 .Vector => return self.fail("TODO binary operations on vectors", .{}),
                 .Int => {
                     const int_info = lhs_ty.intInfo(self.target.*);
                     if (int_info.bits <= 64) {
                         const result_reg = result.register;
                         try self.truncRegister(result_reg, result_reg, int_info.signedness, int_info.bits);
                         return result;
                     } else {
                         return self.fail("TODO binary operations on integers > u64/i64", .{});
                     }
                 },
                 else => unreachable,
             }
         },
         .bit_and,
         .bit_or,
         .xor,
         => {
             switch (lhs_ty.zigTypeTag()) {
                 .Vector => return self.fail("TODO binary operations on vectors", .{}),
                 .Int => {
                     assert(lhs_ty.eql(rhs_ty, mod));
                     const int_info = lhs_ty.intInfo(self.target.*);
                     if (int_info.bits <= 64) {
                         // TODO implement bitwise operations with immediates
                         const mir_tag: Mir.Inst.Tag = switch (tag) {
                             .bit_and => .and_shifted_register,
                             .bit_or => .orr_shifted_register,
                             .xor => .eor_shifted_register,
                             else => unreachable,
                         };
 
                         return try self.binOpRegister(mir_tag, maybe_inst, lhs, rhs, lhs_ty, rhs_ty);
                     } else {
                         return self.fail("TODO binary operations on int with bits > 64", .{});
                     }
                 },
                 else => unreachable,
             }
         },
         .shl_exact,
         .shr_exact,
         => {
             switch (lhs_ty.zigTypeTag()) {
                 .Vector => return self.fail("TODO binary operations on vectors", .{}),
                 .Int => {
                     const int_info = lhs_ty.intInfo(self.target.*);
                     if (int_info.bits <= 64) {
                         const rhs_immediate_ok = rhs == .immediate;
 
                         const mir_tag_register: Mir.Inst.Tag = switch (tag) {
                             .shl_exact => .lsl_register,
                             .shr_exact => switch (int_info.signedness) {
                                 .signed => Mir.Inst.Tag.asr_register,
                                 .unsigned => Mir.Inst.Tag.lsr_register,
                             },
                             else => unreachable,
                         };
                         const mir_tag_immediate: Mir.Inst.Tag = switch (tag) {
                             .shl_exact => .lsl_immediate,
                             .shr_exact => switch (int_info.signedness) {
                                 .signed => Mir.Inst.Tag.asr_immediate,
                                 .unsigned => Mir.Inst.Tag.lsr_immediate,
                             },
                             else => unreachable,
                         };
 
                         if (rhs_immediate_ok) {
                             return try self.binOpImmediate(mir_tag_immediate, maybe_inst, lhs, rhs, lhs_ty, false);
                         } else {
                             return try self.binOpRegister(mir_tag_register, maybe_inst, lhs, rhs, lhs_ty, rhs_ty);
                         }
                     } else {
                         return self.fail("TODO binary operations on int with bits > 64", .{});
                     }
                 },
                 else => unreachable,
             }
         },
         .shl,
         .shr,
         => {
             const base_tag: Air.Inst.Tag = switch (tag) {
                 .shl => .shl_exact,
                 .shr => .shr_exact,
                 else => unreachable,
             };
 
             // Generate a shl_exact/shr_exact
             const result = try self.binOp(base_tag, maybe_inst, lhs, rhs, lhs_ty, rhs_ty);
 
             // Truncate if necessary
             switch (tag) {
                 .shr => return result,
                 .shl => switch (lhs_ty.zigTypeTag()) {
                     .Vector => return self.fail("TODO binary operations on vectors", .{}),
                     .Int => {
                         const int_info = lhs_ty.intInfo(self.target.*);
                         if (int_info.bits <= 64) {
                             const result_reg = result.register;
                             try self.truncRegister(result_reg, result_reg, int_info.signedness, int_info.bits);
                             return result;
                         } else {
                             return self.fail("TODO binary operations on integers > u64/i64", .{});
                         }
                     },
                     else => unreachable,
                 },
                 else => unreachable,
             }
         },
         .bool_and,
         .bool_or,
         => {
             switch (lhs_ty.zigTypeTag()) {
                 .Bool => {
                     assert(lhs != .immediate); // should have been handled by Sema
                     assert(rhs != .immediate); // should have been handled by Sema
 
                     const mir_tag_register: Mir.Inst.Tag = switch (tag) {
                         .bool_and => .and_shifted_register,
                         .bool_or => .orr_shifted_register,
                         else => unreachable,
                     };
 
                     return try self.binOpRegister(mir_tag_register, maybe_inst, lhs, rhs, lhs_ty, rhs_ty);
                 },
                 else => unreachable,
             }
         },
         .ptr_add,
         .ptr_sub,
         => {
             switch (lhs_ty.zigTypeTag()) {
                 .Pointer => {
                     const ptr_ty = lhs_ty;
                     const elem_ty = switch (ptr_ty.ptrSize()) {
                         .One => ptr_ty.childType().childType(), // ptr to array, so get array element type
                         else => ptr_ty.childType(),
                     };
                     const elem_size = elem_ty.abiSize(self.target.*);
 
                     if (elem_size == 1) {
                         const base_tag: Mir.Inst.Tag = switch (tag) {
                             .ptr_add => .add_shifted_register,
                             .ptr_sub => .sub_shifted_register,
                             else => unreachable,
                         };
 
                         return try self.binOpRegister(base_tag, maybe_inst, lhs, rhs, lhs_ty, rhs_ty);
                     } else {
                         // convert the offset into a byte offset by
                         // multiplying it with elem_size
                         const offset = try self.binOp(.mul, null, rhs, .{ .immediate = elem_size }, Type.usize, Type.usize);
                         const addr = try self.binOp(tag, null, lhs, offset, Type.initTag(.manyptr_u8), Type.usize);
                         return addr;
                     }
                 },
                 else => unreachable,
             }
         },
         else => unreachable,
     }
 }
 
 fn airBinOp(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const tag = self.air.instructions.items(.tag)[inst];
     const bin_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].bin_op;
     const lhs = try self.resolveInst(bin_op.lhs);
     const rhs = try self.resolveInst(bin_op.rhs);
     const lhs_ty = self.air.typeOf(bin_op.lhs);
     const rhs_ty = self.air.typeOf(bin_op.rhs);
 
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else try self.binOp(tag, inst, lhs, rhs, lhs_ty, rhs_ty);
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ bin_op.lhs, bin_op.rhs, .none });
 }
 
 fn airAddSat(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const bin_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].bin_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement add_sat for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ bin_op.lhs, bin_op.rhs, .none });
 }
 
 fn airSubSat(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const bin_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].bin_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement sub_sat for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ bin_op.lhs, bin_op.rhs, .none });
 }
 
 fn airMulSat(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const bin_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].bin_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement mul_sat for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ bin_op.lhs, bin_op.rhs, .none });
 }
 
 fn airAddWithOverflow(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     _ = inst;
     return self.fail("TODO implement airAddWithOverflow for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
 }
 
 fn airSubWithOverflow(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     _ = inst;
     return self.fail("TODO implement airSubWithOverflow for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
 }
 
 fn airMulWithOverflow(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     _ = inst;
     return self.fail("TODO implement airMulWithOverflow for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
 }
 
 fn airShlWithOverflow(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     _ = inst;
     return self.fail("TODO implement airShlWithOverflow for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
 }
 
 fn airDiv(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const bin_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].bin_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement div for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ bin_op.lhs, bin_op.rhs, .none });
 }
 
 fn airRem(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const bin_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].bin_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement rem for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ bin_op.lhs, bin_op.rhs, .none });
 }
 
 fn airMod(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const bin_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].bin_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement mod for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ bin_op.lhs, bin_op.rhs, .none });
 }
 
 fn airShlSat(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const bin_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].bin_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement shl_sat for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ bin_op.lhs, bin_op.rhs, .none });
 }
 
 fn airOptionalPayload(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement .optional_payload for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airOptionalPayloadPtr(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement .optional_payload_ptr for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airOptionalPayloadPtrSet(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement .optional_payload_ptr_set for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airUnwrapErrErr(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else result: {
         const error_union_ty = self.air.typeOf(ty_op.operand);
         const payload_ty = error_union_ty.errorUnionPayload();
         const mcv = try self.resolveInst(ty_op.operand);
         if (!payload_ty.hasRuntimeBits()) break :result mcv;
 
         return self.fail("TODO implement unwrap error union error for non-empty payloads", .{});
     };
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airUnwrapErrPayload(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else result: {
         const error_union_ty = self.air.typeOf(ty_op.operand);
         const payload_ty = error_union_ty.errorUnionPayload();
         if (!payload_ty.hasRuntimeBits()) break :result MCValue.none;
 
         return self.fail("TODO implement unwrap error union payload for non-empty payloads", .{});
     };
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 // *(E!T) -> E
 fn airUnwrapErrErrPtr(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement unwrap error union error ptr for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 // *(E!T) -> *T
 fn airUnwrapErrPayloadPtr(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement unwrap error union payload ptr for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airErrUnionPayloadPtrSet(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement .errunion_payload_ptr_set for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airWrapOptional(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else result: {
         const optional_ty = self.air.typeOfIndex(inst);
 
         // Optional with a zero-bit payload type is just a boolean true
         if (optional_ty.abiSize(self.target.*) == 1)
             break :result MCValue{ .immediate = 1 };
 
         return self.fail("TODO implement wrap optional for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     };
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 /// T to E!T
 fn airWrapErrUnionPayload(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement wrap errunion payload for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 /// E to E!T
 fn airWrapErrUnionErr(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else result: {
         const error_union_ty = self.air.getRefType(ty_op.ty);
         const payload_ty = error_union_ty.errorUnionPayload();
         const mcv = try self.resolveInst(ty_op.operand);
         if (!payload_ty.hasRuntimeBits()) break :result mcv;
 
         return self.fail("TODO implement wrap errunion error for non-empty payloads", .{});
     };
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airSlicePtr(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else result: {
         const mcv = try self.resolveInst(ty_op.operand);
         switch (mcv) {
             .dead, .unreach, .none => unreachable,
             .register => unreachable, // a slice doesn't fit in one register
             .stack_offset => |off| {
                 break :result MCValue{ .stack_offset = off };
             },
             .memory => |addr| {
                 break :result MCValue{ .memory = addr };
             },
             else => return self.fail("TODO implement slice_len for {}", .{mcv}),
         }
     };
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airSliceLen(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else result: {
         const ptr_bits = self.target.cpu.arch.ptrBitWidth();
         const ptr_bytes = @divExact(ptr_bits, 8);
         const mcv = try self.resolveInst(ty_op.operand);
         switch (mcv) {
             .dead, .unreach, .none => unreachable,
             .register => unreachable, // a slice doesn't fit in one register
             .stack_offset => |off| {
                 break :result MCValue{ .stack_offset = off - ptr_bytes };
             },
             .memory => |addr| {
                 break :result MCValue{ .memory = addr + ptr_bytes };
             },
             else => return self.fail("TODO implement slice_len for {}", .{mcv}),
         }
     };
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airPtrSliceLenPtr(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else result: {
         const ptr_bits = self.target.cpu.arch.ptrBitWidth();
         const ptr_bytes = @divExact(ptr_bits, 8);
         const mcv = try self.resolveInst(ty_op.operand);
         switch (mcv) {
             .dead, .unreach, .none => unreachable,
             .ptr_stack_offset => |off| {
                 break :result MCValue{ .ptr_stack_offset = off - ptr_bytes };
             },
             else => return self.fail("TODO implement ptr_slice_len_ptr for {}", .{mcv}),
         }
     };
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airPtrSlicePtrPtr(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else result: {
         const mcv = try self.resolveInst(ty_op.operand);
         switch (mcv) {
             .dead, .unreach, .none => unreachable,
             .ptr_stack_offset => |off| {
                 break :result MCValue{ .ptr_stack_offset = off };
             },
             else => return self.fail("TODO implement ptr_slice_len_ptr for {}", .{mcv}),
         }
     };
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airSliceElemVal(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const is_volatile = false; // TODO
     const bin_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].bin_op;
 
     if (!is_volatile and self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) return self.finishAir(inst, .dead, .{ bin_op.lhs, bin_op.rhs, .none });
     const result: MCValue = result: {
         const slice_mcv = try self.resolveInst(bin_op.lhs);
 
         // TODO optimize for the case where the index is a constant,
         // i.e. index_mcv == .immediate
         const index_mcv = try self.resolveInst(bin_op.rhs);
         const index_is_register = index_mcv == .register;
 
         const slice_ty = self.air.typeOf(bin_op.lhs);
         const elem_ty = slice_ty.childType();
         const elem_size = elem_ty.abiSize(self.target.*);
 
         var buf: Type.SlicePtrFieldTypeBuffer = undefined;
         const slice_ptr_field_type = slice_ty.slicePtrFieldType(&buf);
 
         if (index_is_register) self.register_manager.freezeRegs(&.{index_mcv.register});
         defer if (index_is_register) self.register_manager.unfreezeRegs(&.{index_mcv.register});
 
         const base_mcv: MCValue = switch (slice_mcv) {
             .stack_offset => |off| .{ .register = try self.copyToTmpRegister(slice_ptr_field_type, .{ .stack_offset = off }) },
             else => return self.fail("TODO slice_elem_val when slice is {}", .{slice_mcv}),
         };
         self.register_manager.freezeRegs(&.{base_mcv.register});
 
         switch (elem_size) {
             else => {
                 const dest = try self.allocRegOrMem(inst, true);
                 const addr = try self.binOp(.ptr_add, null, base_mcv, index_mcv, slice_ty, Type.usize);
                 try self.load(dest, addr, slice_ptr_field_type);
 
                 break :result dest;
             },
         }
     };
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ bin_op.lhs, bin_op.rhs, .none });
 }
 
 fn airSliceElemPtr(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_pl = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_pl;
     const extra = self.air.extraData(Air.Bin, ty_pl.payload).data;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement slice_elem_ptr for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ extra.lhs, extra.rhs, .none });
 }
 
 fn airArrayElemVal(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const bin_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].bin_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement array_elem_val for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ bin_op.lhs, bin_op.rhs, .none });
 }
 
 fn airPtrElemVal(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const is_volatile = false; // TODO
     const bin_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].bin_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (!is_volatile and self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement ptr_elem_val for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ bin_op.lhs, bin_op.rhs, .none });
 }
 
 fn airPtrElemPtr(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_pl = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_pl;
     const extra = self.air.extraData(Air.Bin, ty_pl.payload).data;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement ptr_elem_ptr for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ extra.lhs, extra.rhs, .none });
 }
 
 fn airSetUnionTag(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const bin_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].bin_op;
     _ = bin_op;
     return self.fail("TODO implement airSetUnionTag for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
 }
 
 fn airGetUnionTag(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement airGetUnionTag for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airClz(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement airClz for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airCtz(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement airCtz for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airPopcount(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement airPopcount for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airByteSwap(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement airByteSwap for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airBitReverse(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement airBitReverse for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airUnaryMath(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const un_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].un_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst))
         .dead
     else
         return self.fail("TODO implement airUnaryMath for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ un_op, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn reuseOperand(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index, operand: Air.Inst.Ref, op_index: Liveness.OperandInt, mcv: MCValue) bool {
     if (!self.liveness.operandDies(inst, op_index))
         return false;
 
     switch (mcv) {
         .register => |reg| {
             // If it's in the registers table, need to associate the register with the
             // new instruction.
             if (RegisterManager.indexOfRegIntoTracked(reg)) |index| {
                 if (!self.register_manager.isRegFree(reg)) {
                     self.register_manager.registers[index] = inst;
                 }
             }
             log.debug("%{d} => {} (reused)", .{ inst, reg });
         },
         .stack_offset => |off| {
             log.debug("%{d} => stack offset {d} (reused)", .{ inst, off });
         },
         else => return false,
     }
 
     // Prevent the operand deaths processing code from deallocating it.
     self.liveness.clearOperandDeath(inst, op_index);
 
     // That makes us responsible for doing the rest of the stuff that processDeath would have done.
     const branch = &self.branch_stack.items[self.branch_stack.items.len - 1];
     branch.inst_table.putAssumeCapacity(Air.refToIndex(operand).?, .dead);
 
     return true;
 }
 
 fn load(self: *Self, dst_mcv: MCValue, ptr: MCValue, ptr_ty: Type) InnerError!void {
     const elem_ty = ptr_ty.elemType();
     const elem_size = elem_ty.abiSize(self.target.*);
 
     switch (ptr) {
         .none => unreachable,
         .undef => unreachable,
         .unreach => unreachable,
         .dead => unreachable,
         .compare_flags_unsigned => unreachable,
         .compare_flags_signed => unreachable,
         .immediate => |imm| try self.setRegOrMem(elem_ty, dst_mcv, .{ .memory = imm }),
         .ptr_stack_offset => |off| try self.setRegOrMem(elem_ty, dst_mcv, .{ .stack_offset = off }),
         .register => |addr_reg| {
             self.register_manager.freezeRegs(&.{addr_reg});
             defer self.register_manager.unfreezeRegs(&.{addr_reg});
 
             switch (dst_mcv) {
                 .dead => unreachable,
                 .undef => unreachable,
                 .compare_flags_signed, .compare_flags_unsigned => unreachable,
                 .register => |dst_reg| {
                     try self.genLdrRegister(dst_reg, addr_reg, elem_ty);
                 },
                 .stack_offset => |off| {
                     if (elem_size <= 8) {
                         const raw_tmp_reg = try self.register_manager.allocReg(null);
                         const tmp_reg = registerAlias(raw_tmp_reg, elem_size);
                         self.register_manager.freezeRegs(&.{tmp_reg});
                         defer self.register_manager.unfreezeRegs(&.{tmp_reg});
 
                         try self.load(.{ .register = tmp_reg }, ptr, ptr_ty);
                         try self.genSetStack(elem_ty, off, MCValue{ .register = tmp_reg });
                     } else {
                         // TODO optimize the register allocation
                         const regs = try self.register_manager.allocRegs(4, .{ null, null, null, null });
                         self.register_manager.freezeRegs(&regs);
                         defer self.register_manager.unfreezeRegs(&regs);
 
                         const src_reg = addr_reg;
                         const dst_reg = regs[0];
                         const len_reg = regs[1];
                         const count_reg = regs[2];
                         const tmp_reg = regs[3];
 
                         // sub dst_reg, fp, #off
                         try self.genSetReg(ptr_ty, dst_reg, .{ .ptr_stack_offset = off });
 
                         // mov len, #elem_size
                         try self.genSetReg(Type.usize, len_reg, .{ .immediate = elem_size });
 
                         // memcpy(src, dst, len)
                         try self.genInlineMemcpy(src_reg, dst_reg, len_reg, count_reg, tmp_reg);
                     }
                 },
                 else => return self.fail("TODO load from register into {}", .{dst_mcv}),
             }
         },
         .memory,
         .stack_offset,
         .got_load,
         .direct_load,
         => {
             const addr_reg = try self.copyToTmpRegister(ptr_ty, ptr);
             try self.load(dst_mcv, .{ .register = addr_reg }, ptr_ty);
         },
     }
 }
 
 fn genInlineMemcpy(
     self: *Self,
     src: Register,
     dst: Register,
     len: Register,
     count: Register,
     tmp: Register,
 ) !void {
     // movz count, #0
     _ = try self.addInst(.{
         .tag = .movz,
         .data = .{ .r_imm16_sh = .{
             .rd = count,
             .imm16 = 0,
         } },
     });
 
     // loop:
     // cmp count, len
     _ = try self.addInst(.{
         .tag = .cmp_shifted_register,
         .data = .{ .rr_imm6_shift = .{
             .rn = count,
             .rm = len,
             .imm6 = 0,
             .shift = .lsl,
         } },
     });
 
     // bge end
     _ = try self.addInst(.{
         .tag = .b_cond,
         .data = .{ .inst_cond = .{
             .inst = @intCast(u32, self.mir_instructions.len + 5),
             .cond = .ge,
         } },
     });
 
     // ldrb tmp, [src, count]
     _ = try self.addInst(.{
         .tag = .ldrb_register,
         .data = .{ .load_store_register_register = .{
             .rt = tmp,
             .rn = src,
             .offset = Instruction.LoadStoreOffset.reg(count).register,
         } },
     });
 
     // strb tmp, [dest, count]
     _ = try self.addInst(.{
         .tag = .strb_register,
         .data = .{ .load_store_register_register = .{
             .rt = tmp,
             .rn = dst,
             .offset = Instruction.LoadStoreOffset.reg(count).register,
         } },
     });
 
     // add count, count, #1
     _ = try self.addInst(.{
         .tag = .add_immediate,
         .data = .{ .rr_imm12_sh = .{
             .rd = count,
             .rn = count,
             .imm12 = 1,
         } },
     });
 
     // b loop
     _ = try self.addInst(.{
         .tag = .b,
         .data = .{ .inst = @intCast(u32, self.mir_instructions.len - 5) },
     });
 
     // end:
 }
 
 fn airLoad(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const elem_ty = self.air.typeOfIndex(inst);
     const elem_size = elem_ty.abiSize(self.target.*);
     const result: MCValue = result: {
         if (!elem_ty.hasRuntimeBits())
             break :result MCValue.none;
 
         const ptr = try self.resolveInst(ty_op.operand);
         const is_volatile = self.air.typeOf(ty_op.operand).isVolatilePtr();
         if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst) and !is_volatile)
             break :result MCValue.dead;
 
         const dst_mcv: MCValue = blk: {
             if (elem_size <= 8 and self.reuseOperand(inst, ty_op.operand, 0, ptr)) {
                 // The MCValue that holds the pointer can be re-used as the value.
                 break :blk switch (ptr) {
                     .register => |r| MCValue{ .register = registerAlias(r, elem_size) },
                     else => ptr,
                 };
             } else {
                 break :blk try self.allocRegOrMem(inst, true);
             }
         };
         try self.load(dst_mcv, ptr, self.air.typeOf(ty_op.operand));
         break :result dst_mcv;
     };
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn genLdrRegister(self: *Self, value_reg: Register, addr_reg: Register, ty: Type) !void {
     const abi_size = ty.abiSize(self.target.*);
 
     const tag: Mir.Inst.Tag = switch (abi_size) {
         1 => if (ty.isSignedInt()) Mir.Inst.Tag.ldrsb_immediate else .ldrb_immediate,
         2 => if (ty.isSignedInt()) Mir.Inst.Tag.ldrsh_immediate else .ldrh_immediate,
         4 => .ldr_immediate,
         8 => .ldr_immediate,
         3, 5, 6, 7 => return self.fail("TODO: genLdrRegister for more abi_sizes", .{}),
         else => unreachable,
     };
 
     _ = try self.addInst(.{
         .tag = tag,
         .data = .{ .load_store_register_immediate = .{
             .rt = value_reg,
             .rn = addr_reg,
             .offset = Instruction.LoadStoreOffset.none.immediate,
         } },
     });
 }
 
 fn genStrRegister(self: *Self, value_reg: Register, addr_reg: Register, ty: Type) !void {
     const abi_size = ty.abiSize(self.target.*);
 
     const tag: Mir.Inst.Tag = switch (abi_size) {
         1 => .strb_immediate,
         2 => .strh_immediate,
         4, 8 => .str_immediate,
         3, 5, 6, 7 => return self.fail("TODO: genStrRegister for more abi_sizes", .{}),
         else => unreachable,
     };
 
     _ = try self.addInst(.{
         .tag = tag,
         .data = .{ .load_store_register_immediate = .{
             .rt = value_reg,
             .rn = addr_reg,
             .offset = Instruction.LoadStoreOffset.none.immediate,
         } },
     });
 }
 
 fn store(self: *Self, ptr: MCValue, value: MCValue, ptr_ty: Type, value_ty: Type) InnerError!void {
     const abi_size = value_ty.abiSize(self.target.*);
 
     switch (ptr) {
         .none => unreachable,
         .undef => unreachable,
         .unreach => unreachable,
         .dead => unreachable,
         .compare_flags_unsigned => unreachable,
         .compare_flags_signed => unreachable,
         .immediate => |imm| {
             try self.setRegOrMem(value_ty, .{ .memory = imm }, value);
         },
         .ptr_stack_offset => |off| {
             try self.genSetStack(value_ty, off, value);
         },
         .register => |addr_reg| {
             self.register_manager.freezeRegs(&.{addr_reg});
             defer self.register_manager.unfreezeRegs(&.{addr_reg});
 
             switch (value) {
                 .register => |value_reg| {
                     try self.genStrRegister(value_reg, addr_reg, value_ty);
                 },
                 else => {
                     if (abi_size <= 8) {
                         const raw_tmp_reg = try self.register_manager.allocReg(null);
                         const tmp_reg = registerAlias(raw_tmp_reg, abi_size);
                         self.register_manager.freezeRegs(&.{tmp_reg});
                         defer self.register_manager.unfreezeRegs(&.{tmp_reg});
 
                         try self.genSetReg(value_ty, tmp_reg, value);
                         try self.store(ptr, .{ .register = tmp_reg }, ptr_ty, value_ty);
                     } else {
                         return self.fail("TODO implement memcpy", .{});
                     }
                 },
             }
         },
         .memory,
         .stack_offset,
         .got_load,
         .direct_load,
         => {
             const addr_reg = try self.copyToTmpRegister(ptr_ty, ptr);
             try self.store(.{ .register = addr_reg }, value, ptr_ty, value_ty);
         },
     }
 }
 
 fn airStore(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const bin_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].bin_op;
     const ptr = try self.resolveInst(bin_op.lhs);
     const value = try self.resolveInst(bin_op.rhs);
     const ptr_ty = self.air.typeOf(bin_op.lhs);
     const value_ty = self.air.typeOf(bin_op.rhs);
 
     try self.store(ptr, value, ptr_ty, value_ty);
 
     return self.finishAir(inst, .dead, .{ bin_op.lhs, bin_op.rhs, .none });
 }
 
 fn airStructFieldPtr(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_pl = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_pl;
     const extra = self.air.extraData(Air.StructField, ty_pl.payload).data;
     const result = try self.structFieldPtr(inst, extra.struct_operand, extra.field_index);
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ extra.struct_operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airStructFieldPtrIndex(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index, index: u8) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result = try self.structFieldPtr(inst, ty_op.operand, index);
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn structFieldPtr(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index, operand: Air.Inst.Ref, index: u32) !MCValue {
     return if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else result: {
         const mcv = try self.resolveInst(operand);
         const ptr_ty = self.air.typeOf(operand);
         const struct_ty = ptr_ty.childType();
         const struct_field_offset = @intCast(u32, struct_ty.structFieldOffset(index, self.target.*));
         switch (mcv) {
             .ptr_stack_offset => |off| {
                 break :result MCValue{ .ptr_stack_offset = off - struct_field_offset };
             },
             else => {
                 const offset_reg = try self.copyToTmpRegister(ptr_ty, .{
                     .immediate = struct_field_offset,
                 });
                 self.register_manager.freezeRegs(&.{offset_reg});
                 defer self.register_manager.unfreezeRegs(&.{offset_reg});
 
                 const addr_reg = try self.copyToTmpRegister(ptr_ty, mcv);
                 self.register_manager.freezeRegs(&.{addr_reg});
                 defer self.register_manager.unfreezeRegs(&.{addr_reg});
 
                 const dest = try self.binOp(
                     .add,
                     null,
                     .{ .register = addr_reg },
                     .{ .register = offset_reg },
                     Type.usize,
                     Type.usize,
                 );
 
                 break :result dest;
             },
         }
     };
 }
 
 fn airStructFieldVal(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_pl = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_pl;
     const extra = self.air.extraData(Air.StructField, ty_pl.payload).data;
     _ = extra;
     return self.fail("TODO implement codegen struct_field_val", .{});
     //return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ extra.struct_ptr, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airFieldParentPtr(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_pl = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_pl;
     const extra = self.air.extraData(Air.StructField, ty_pl.payload).data;
     _ = extra;
     return self.fail("TODO implement codegen airFieldParentPtr", .{});
 }
 
 fn airArg(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const arg_index = self.arg_index;
     self.arg_index += 1;
 
     const ty = self.air.typeOfIndex(inst);
 
     const result = self.args[arg_index];
     const mcv = switch (result) {
         // Copy registers to the stack
         .register => |reg| blk: {
             const mod = self.bin_file.options.module.?;
             const abi_size = math.cast(u32, ty.abiSize(self.target.*)) catch {
                 return self.fail("type '{}' too big to fit into stack frame", .{ty.fmt(mod)});
             };
             const abi_align = ty.abiAlignment(self.target.*);
             const stack_offset = try self.allocMem(inst, abi_size, abi_align);
             try self.genSetStack(ty, stack_offset, MCValue{ .register = reg });
 
             break :blk MCValue{ .stack_offset = stack_offset };
         },
         else => result,
     };
     // TODO generate debug info
     // try self.genArgDbgInfo(inst, mcv);
 
     if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst))
         return self.finishAirBookkeeping();
 
     switch (mcv) {
         .register => |reg| {
             self.register_manager.getRegAssumeFree(toCanonicalReg(reg), inst);
         },
         else => {},
     }
 
     return self.finishAir(inst, mcv, .{ .none, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airBreakpoint(self: *Self) !void {
     _ = try self.addInst(.{
         .tag = .brk,
         .data = .{ .imm16 = 1 },
     });
     return self.finishAirBookkeeping();
 }
 
 fn airRetAddr(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement airRetAddr for aarch64", .{});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ .none, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airFrameAddress(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement airFrameAddress for aarch64", .{});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ .none, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airFence(self: *Self) !void {
     return self.fail("TODO implement fence() for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     //return self.finishAirBookkeeping();
 }
 
 fn airCall(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index, modifier: std.builtin.CallOptions.Modifier) !void {
     if (modifier == .always_tail) return self.fail("TODO implement tail calls for aarch64", .{});
     const pl_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].pl_op;
     const callee = pl_op.operand;
     const extra = self.air.extraData(Air.Call, pl_op.payload);
     const args = @ptrCast([]const Air.Inst.Ref, self.air.extra[extra.end..][0..extra.data.args_len]);
     const ty = self.air.typeOf(callee);
 
     const fn_ty = switch (ty.zigTypeTag()) {
         .Fn => ty,
         .Pointer => ty.childType(),
         else => unreachable,
     };
 
     var info = try self.resolveCallingConventionValues(fn_ty);
     defer info.deinit(self);
 
     // According to the Procedure Call Standard for the ARM
     // Architecture, compare flags are not preserved across
     // calls. Therefore, if some value is currently stored there, we
     // need to save it.
     //
     // TODO once caller-saved registers are implemented, save them
     // here too, but crucially *after* we save the compare flags as
     // saving compare flags may require a new caller-saved register
     try self.spillCompareFlagsIfOccupied();
 
     for (info.args) |mc_arg, arg_i| {
         const arg = args[arg_i];
         const arg_ty = self.air.typeOf(arg);
         const arg_mcv = try self.resolveInst(args[arg_i]);
 
         switch (mc_arg) {
             .none => continue,
             .undef => unreachable,
             .immediate => unreachable,
             .unreach => unreachable,
             .dead => unreachable,
             .memory => unreachable,
             .compare_flags_signed => unreachable,
             .compare_flags_unsigned => unreachable,
             .got_load => unreachable,
             .direct_load => unreachable,
             .register => |reg| {
                 try self.register_manager.getReg(reg, null);
                 try self.genSetReg(arg_ty, reg, arg_mcv);
             },
             .stack_offset => {
                 return self.fail("TODO implement calling with parameters in memory", .{});
             },
             .ptr_stack_offset => {
                 return self.fail("TODO implement calling with MCValue.ptr_stack_offset arg", .{});
             },
         }
     }
 
     // Due to incremental compilation, how function calls are generated depends
     // on linking.
     const mod = self.bin_file.options.module.?;
     if (self.air.value(callee)) |func_value| {
         if (self.bin_file.tag == link.File.Elf.base_tag or self.bin_file.tag == link.File.Coff.base_tag) {
             if (func_value.castTag(.function)) |func_payload| {
                 const func = func_payload.data;
                 const ptr_bits = self.target.cpu.arch.ptrBitWidth();
                 const ptr_bytes: u64 = @divExact(ptr_bits, 8);
                 const fn_owner_decl = mod.declPtr(func.owner_decl);
                 const got_addr = if (self.bin_file.cast(link.File.Elf)) |elf_file| blk: {
                     const got = &elf_file.program_headers.items[elf_file.phdr_got_index.?];
                     break :blk @intCast(u32, got.p_vaddr + fn_owner_decl.link.elf.offset_table_index * ptr_bytes);
                 } else if (self.bin_file.cast(link.File.Coff)) |coff_file|
                     coff_file.offset_table_virtual_address + fn_owner_decl.link.coff.offset_table_index * ptr_bytes
                 else
                     unreachable;
 
                 try self.genSetReg(Type.initTag(.usize), .x30, .{ .memory = got_addr });
 
                 _ = try self.addInst(.{
                     .tag = .blr,
                     .data = .{ .reg = .x30 },
                 });
             } else if (func_value.castTag(.extern_fn)) |_| {
                 return self.fail("TODO implement calling extern functions", .{});
             } else {
                 return self.fail("TODO implement calling bitcasted functions", .{});
             }
         } else if (self.bin_file.cast(link.File.MachO)) |macho_file| {
             if (func_value.castTag(.function)) |func_payload| {
                 const func = func_payload.data;
                 const fn_owner_decl = mod.declPtr(func.owner_decl);
                 try self.genSetReg(Type.initTag(.u64), .x30, .{
                     .got_load = fn_owner_decl.link.macho.local_sym_index,
                 });
                 // blr x30
                 _ = try self.addInst(.{
                     .tag = .blr,
                     .data = .{ .reg = .x30 },
                 });
             } else if (func_value.castTag(.extern_fn)) |func_payload| {
                 const extern_fn = func_payload.data;
                 const decl_name = mod.declPtr(extern_fn.owner_decl).name;
                 if (extern_fn.lib_name) |lib_name| {
                     log.debug("TODO enforce that '{s}' is expected in '{s}' library", .{
                         decl_name,
                         lib_name,
                     });
                 }
                 const n_strx = try macho_file.addExternFn(mem.sliceTo(decl_name, 0));
 
                 _ = try self.addInst(.{
                     .tag = .call_extern,
                     .data = .{
                         .extern_fn = .{
                             .atom_index = mod.declPtr(self.mod_fn.owner_decl).link.macho.local_sym_index,
                             .sym_name = n_strx,
                         },
                     },
                 });
             } else {
                 return self.fail("TODO implement calling bitcasted functions", .{});
             }
         } else if (self.bin_file.cast(link.File.Plan9)) |p9| {
             if (func_value.castTag(.function)) |func_payload| {
                 try p9.seeDecl(func_payload.data.owner_decl);
                 const ptr_bits = self.target.cpu.arch.ptrBitWidth();
                 const ptr_bytes: u64 = @divExact(ptr_bits, 8);
                 const got_addr = p9.bases.data;
                 const got_index = mod.declPtr(func_payload.data.owner_decl).link.plan9.got_index.?;
                 const fn_got_addr = got_addr + got_index * ptr_bytes;
 
                 try self.genSetReg(Type.initTag(.usize), .x30, .{ .memory = fn_got_addr });
 
                 _ = try self.addInst(.{
                     .tag = .blr,
                     .data = .{ .reg = .x30 },
                 });
             } else if (func_value.castTag(.extern_fn)) |_| {
                 return self.fail("TODO implement calling extern functions", .{});
             } else {
                 return self.fail("TODO implement calling bitcasted functions", .{});
             }
         } else unreachable;
     } else {
         assert(ty.zigTypeTag() == .Pointer);
         const mcv = try self.resolveInst(callee);
         try self.genSetReg(ty, .x30, mcv);
 
         _ = try self.addInst(.{
             .tag = .blr,
             .data = .{ .reg = .x30 },
         });
     }
 
     const result: MCValue = result: {
         switch (info.return_value) {
             .register => |reg| {
                 if (RegisterManager.indexOfReg(&callee_preserved_regs, reg) == null) {
                     // Save function return value in a callee saved register
                     break :result try self.copyToNewRegister(inst, info.return_value);
                 }
             },
             else => {},
         }
         break :result info.return_value;
     };
 
     if (args.len + 1 <= Liveness.bpi - 1) {
         var buf = [1]Air.Inst.Ref{.none} ** (Liveness.bpi - 1);
         buf[0] = callee;
         std.mem.copy(Air.Inst.Ref, buf[1..], args);
         return self.finishAir(inst, result, buf);
     }
     var bt = try self.iterateBigTomb(inst, 1 + args.len);
     bt.feed(callee);
     for (args) |arg| {
         bt.feed(arg);
     }
     return bt.finishAir(result);
 }
 
 fn ret(self: *Self, mcv: MCValue) !void {
     const ret_ty = self.fn_type.fnReturnType();
     try self.setRegOrMem(ret_ty, self.ret_mcv, mcv);
     // Just add space for an instruction, patch this later
     const index = try self.addInst(.{
         .tag = .nop,
         .data = .{ .nop = {} },
     });
     try self.exitlude_jump_relocs.append(self.gpa, index);
 }
 
 fn airRet(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const un_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].un_op;
     const operand = try self.resolveInst(un_op);
     try self.ret(operand);
     return self.finishAir(inst, .dead, .{ un_op, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airRetLoad(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const un_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].un_op;
     const ptr = try self.resolveInst(un_op);
     _ = ptr;
     return self.fail("TODO implement airRetLoad for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     //return self.finishAir(inst, .dead, .{ un_op, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airCmp(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index, op: math.CompareOperator) !void {
     const bin_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].bin_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else result: {
         const lhs = try self.resolveInst(bin_op.lhs);
         const rhs = try self.resolveInst(bin_op.rhs);
         const lhs_ty = self.air.typeOf(bin_op.lhs);
 
         var int_buffer: Type.Payload.Bits = undefined;
         const int_ty = switch (lhs_ty.zigTypeTag()) {
             .Vector => return self.fail("TODO AArch64 cmp vectors", .{}),
             .Enum => lhs_ty.intTagType(&int_buffer),
             .Int => lhs_ty,
             .Bool => Type.initTag(.u1),
             .Pointer => Type.usize,
             .ErrorSet => Type.initTag(.u16),
             .Optional => blk: {
                 var opt_buffer: Type.Payload.ElemType = undefined;
                 const payload_ty = lhs_ty.optionalChild(&opt_buffer);
                 if (!payload_ty.hasRuntimeBitsIgnoreComptime()) {
                     break :blk Type.initTag(.u1);
                 } else if (lhs_ty.isPtrLikeOptional()) {
                     break :blk Type.usize;
                 } else {
                     return self.fail("TODO AArch64 cmp non-pointer optionals", .{});
                 }
             },
             .Float => return self.fail("TODO AArch64 cmp floats", .{}),
             else => unreachable,
         };
 
         const int_info = int_ty.intInfo(self.target.*);
         if (int_info.bits <= 64) {
             _ = try self.binOp(.cmp_eq, inst, lhs, rhs, int_ty, int_ty);
 
             try self.spillCompareFlagsIfOccupied();
             self.compare_flags_inst = inst;
 
             break :result switch (int_info.signedness) {
                 .signed => MCValue{ .compare_flags_signed = op },
                 .unsigned => MCValue{ .compare_flags_unsigned = op },
             };
         } else {
             return self.fail("TODO AArch64 cmp for ints > 64 bits", .{});
         }
     };
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ bin_op.lhs, bin_op.rhs, .none });
 }
 
 fn airCmpVector(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     _ = inst;
     return self.fail("TODO implement airCmpVector for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
 }
 
 fn airCmpLtErrorsLen(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const un_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].un_op;
     const operand = try self.resolveInst(un_op);
     _ = operand;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement airCmpLtErrorsLen for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ un_op, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airDbgStmt(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const dbg_stmt = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].dbg_stmt;
 
     _ = try self.addInst(.{
         .tag = .dbg_line,
         .data = .{ .dbg_line_column = .{
             .line = dbg_stmt.line,
             .column = dbg_stmt.column,
         } },
     });
 
     return self.finishAirBookkeeping();
 }
 
 fn airDbgInline(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_pl = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_pl;
     const function = self.air.values[ty_pl.payload].castTag(.function).?.data;
     // TODO emit debug info for function change
     _ = function;
     return self.finishAir(inst, .dead, .{ .none, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airDbgBlock(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     // TODO emit debug info lexical block
     return self.finishAir(inst, .dead, .{ .none, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airDbgVar(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const pl_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].pl_op;
     const name = self.air.nullTerminatedString(pl_op.payload);
     const operand = pl_op.operand;
     // TODO emit debug info for this variable
     _ = name;
     return self.finishAir(inst, .dead, .{ operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airCondBr(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const pl_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].pl_op;
     const cond = try self.resolveInst(pl_op.operand);
     const extra = self.air.extraData(Air.CondBr, pl_op.payload);
     const then_body = self.air.extra[extra.end..][0..extra.data.then_body_len];
     const else_body = self.air.extra[extra.end + then_body.len ..][0..extra.data.else_body_len];
     const liveness_condbr = self.liveness.getCondBr(inst);
 
     const reloc: Mir.Inst.Index = switch (cond) {
         .compare_flags_signed,
         .compare_flags_unsigned,
         => try self.addInst(.{
             .tag = .b_cond,
             .data = .{
                 .inst_cond = .{
                     .inst = undefined, // populated later through performReloc
                     .cond = switch (cond) {
                         .compare_flags_signed => |cmp_op| blk: {
                             // Here we map to the opposite condition because the jump is to the false branch.
                             const condition = Instruction.Condition.fromCompareOperatorSigned(cmp_op);
                             break :blk condition.negate();
                         },
                         .compare_flags_unsigned => |cmp_op| blk: {
                             // Here we map to the opposite condition because the jump is to the false branch.
                             const condition = Instruction.Condition.fromCompareOperatorUnsigned(cmp_op);
                             break :blk condition.negate();
                         },
                         else => unreachable,
                     },
                 },
             },
         }),
         else => blk: {
             const reg = switch (cond) {
                 .register => |r| r,
                 else => try self.copyToTmpRegister(Type.bool, cond),
             };
 
             break :blk try self.addInst(.{
                 .tag = .cbz,
                 .data = .{
                     .r_inst = .{
                         .rt = reg,
                         .inst = undefined, // populated later through performReloc
                     },
                 },
             });
         },
     };
 
     // If the condition dies here in this condbr instruction, process
     // that death now instead of later as this has an effect on
     // whether it needs to be spilled in the branches
     if (self.liveness.operandDies(inst, 0)) {
         const op_int = @enumToInt(pl_op.operand);
         if (op_int >= Air.Inst.Ref.typed_value_map.len) {
             const op_index = @intCast(Air.Inst.Index, op_int - Air.Inst.Ref.typed_value_map.len);
             self.processDeath(op_index);
         }
     }
 
     // Capture the state of register and stack allocation state so that we can revert to it.
     const parent_next_stack_offset = self.next_stack_offset;
     const parent_free_registers = self.register_manager.free_registers;
     var parent_stack = try self.stack.clone(self.gpa);
     defer parent_stack.deinit(self.gpa);
     const parent_registers = self.register_manager.registers;
     const parent_compare_flags_inst = self.compare_flags_inst;
 
     try self.branch_stack.append(.{});
 
     try self.ensureProcessDeathCapacity(liveness_condbr.then_deaths.len);
     for (liveness_condbr.then_deaths) |operand| {
         self.processDeath(operand);
     }
     try self.genBody(then_body);
 
     // Revert to the previous register and stack allocation state.
 
     var saved_then_branch = self.branch_stack.pop();
     defer saved_then_branch.deinit(self.gpa);
 
     self.register_manager.registers = parent_registers;
     self.compare_flags_inst = parent_compare_flags_inst;
 
     self.stack.deinit(self.gpa);
     self.stack = parent_stack;
     parent_stack = .{};
 
     self.next_stack_offset = parent_next_stack_offset;
     self.register_manager.free_registers = parent_free_registers;
 
     try self.performReloc(reloc);
     const else_branch = self.branch_stack.addOneAssumeCapacity();
     else_branch.* = .{};
 
     try self.ensureProcessDeathCapacity(liveness_condbr.else_deaths.len);
     for (liveness_condbr.else_deaths) |operand| {
         self.processDeath(operand);
     }
     try self.genBody(else_body);
 
     // At this point, each branch will possibly have conflicting values for where
     // each instruction is stored. They agree, however, on which instructions are alive/dead.
     // We use the first ("then") branch as canonical, and here emit
     // instructions into the second ("else") branch to make it conform.
     // We continue respect the data structure semantic guarantees of the else_branch so
     // that we can use all the code emitting abstractions. This is why at the bottom we
     // assert that parent_branch.free_registers equals the saved_then_branch.free_registers
     // rather than assigning it.
     const parent_branch = &self.branch_stack.items[self.branch_stack.items.len - 2];
     try parent_branch.inst_table.ensureUnusedCapacity(self.gpa, else_branch.inst_table.count());
 
     const else_slice = else_branch.inst_table.entries.slice();
     const else_keys = else_slice.items(.key);
     const else_values = else_slice.items(.value);
     for (else_keys) |else_key, else_idx| {
         const else_value = else_values[else_idx];
         const canon_mcv = if (saved_then_branch.inst_table.fetchSwapRemove(else_key)) |then_entry| blk: {
             // The instruction's MCValue is overridden in both branches.
             parent_branch.inst_table.putAssumeCapacity(else_key, then_entry.value);
             if (else_value == .dead) {
                 assert(then_entry.value == .dead);
                 continue;
             }
             break :blk then_entry.value;
         } else blk: {
             if (else_value == .dead)
                 continue;
             // The instruction is only overridden in the else branch.
             var i: usize = self.branch_stack.items.len - 2;
             while (true) {
                 i -= 1; // If this overflows, the question is: why wasn't the instruction marked dead?
                 if (self.branch_stack.items[i].inst_table.get(else_key)) |mcv| {
                     assert(mcv != .dead);
                     break :blk mcv;
                 }
             }
         };
         log.debug("consolidating else_entry {d} {}=>{}", .{ else_key, else_value, canon_mcv });
         // TODO make sure the destination stack offset / register does not already have something
         // going on there.
         try self.setRegOrMem(self.air.typeOfIndex(else_key), canon_mcv, else_value);
         // TODO track the new register / stack allocation
     }
     try parent_branch.inst_table.ensureUnusedCapacity(self.gpa, saved_then_branch.inst_table.count());
     const then_slice = saved_then_branch.inst_table.entries.slice();
     const then_keys = then_slice.items(.key);
     const then_values = then_slice.items(.value);
     for (then_keys) |then_key, then_idx| {
         const then_value = then_values[then_idx];
         // We already deleted the items from this table that matched the else_branch.
         // So these are all instructions that are only overridden in the then branch.
         parent_branch.inst_table.putAssumeCapacity(then_key, then_value);
         if (then_value == .dead)
             continue;
         const parent_mcv = blk: {
             var i: usize = self.branch_stack.items.len - 2;
             while (true) {
                 i -= 1;
                 if (self.branch_stack.items[i].inst_table.get(then_key)) |mcv| {
                     assert(mcv != .dead);
                     break :blk mcv;
                 }
             }
         };
         log.debug("consolidating then_entry {d} {}=>{}", .{ then_key, parent_mcv, then_value });
         // TODO make sure the destination stack offset / register does not already have something
         // going on there.
         try self.setRegOrMem(self.air.typeOfIndex(then_key), parent_mcv, then_value);
         // TODO track the new register / stack allocation
     }
 
     {
         var item = self.branch_stack.pop();
         item.deinit(self.gpa);
     }
 
     // We already took care of pl_op.operand earlier, so we're going
     // to pass .none here
     return self.finishAir(inst, .unreach, .{ .none, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn isNull(self: *Self, operand: MCValue) !MCValue {
     _ = operand;
     // Here you can specialize this instruction if it makes sense to, otherwise the default
     // will call isNonNull and invert the result.
     return self.fail("TODO call isNonNull and invert the result", .{});
 }
 
 fn isNonNull(self: *Self, operand: MCValue) !MCValue {
     _ = operand;
     // Here you can specialize this instruction if it makes sense to, otherwise the default
     // will call isNull and invert the result.
     return self.fail("TODO call isNull and invert the result", .{});
 }
 
 fn isErr(self: *Self, ty: Type, operand: MCValue) !MCValue {
     const error_type = ty.errorUnionSet();
     const payload_type = ty.errorUnionPayload();
 
     if (!error_type.hasRuntimeBits()) {
         return MCValue{ .immediate = 0 }; // always false
     } else if (!payload_type.hasRuntimeBits()) {
         if (error_type.abiSize(self.target.*) <= 8) {
             const reg_mcv: MCValue = switch (operand) {
                 .register => operand,
                 else => .{ .register = try self.copyToTmpRegister(error_type, operand) },
             };
 
             _ = try self.addInst(.{
                 .tag = .cmp_immediate,
                 .data = .{ .r_imm12_sh = .{
                     .rn = reg_mcv.register,
                     .imm12 = 0,
                 } },
             });
 
             return MCValue{ .compare_flags_unsigned = .gt };
         } else {
             return self.fail("TODO isErr for errors with size > 8", .{});
         }
     } else {
         return self.fail("TODO isErr for non-empty payloads", .{});
     }
 }
 
 fn isNonErr(self: *Self, ty: Type, operand: MCValue) !MCValue {
     const is_err_result = try self.isErr(ty, operand);
     switch (is_err_result) {
         .compare_flags_unsigned => |op| {
             assert(op == .gt);
             return MCValue{ .compare_flags_unsigned = .lte };
         },
         .immediate => |imm| {
             assert(imm == 0);
             return MCValue{ .immediate = 1 };
         },
         else => unreachable,
     }
 }
 
 fn airIsNull(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const un_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].un_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else result: {
         const operand = try self.resolveInst(un_op);
         break :result try self.isNull(operand);
     };
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ un_op, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airIsNullPtr(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const un_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].un_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else result: {
         const operand_ptr = try self.resolveInst(un_op);
         const operand: MCValue = blk: {
             if (self.reuseOperand(inst, un_op, 0, operand_ptr)) {
                 // The MCValue that holds the pointer can be re-used as the value.
                 break :blk operand_ptr;
             } else {
                 break :blk try self.allocRegOrMem(inst, true);
             }
         };
         try self.load(operand, operand_ptr, self.air.typeOf(un_op));
         break :result try self.isNull(operand);
     };
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ un_op, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airIsNonNull(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const un_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].un_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else result: {
         const operand = try self.resolveInst(un_op);
         break :result try self.isNonNull(operand);
     };
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ un_op, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airIsNonNullPtr(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const un_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].un_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else result: {
         const operand_ptr = try self.resolveInst(un_op);
         const operand: MCValue = blk: {
             if (self.reuseOperand(inst, un_op, 0, operand_ptr)) {
                 // The MCValue that holds the pointer can be re-used as the value.
                 break :blk operand_ptr;
             } else {
                 break :blk try self.allocRegOrMem(inst, true);
             }
         };
         try self.load(operand, operand_ptr, self.air.typeOf(un_op));
         break :result try self.isNonNull(operand);
     };
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ un_op, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airIsErr(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const un_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].un_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else result: {
         const operand = try self.resolveInst(un_op);
         const ty = self.air.typeOf(un_op);
         break :result try self.isErr(ty, operand);
     };
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ un_op, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airIsErrPtr(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const un_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].un_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else result: {
         const operand_ptr = try self.resolveInst(un_op);
         const ptr_ty = self.air.typeOf(un_op);
         const operand: MCValue = blk: {
             if (self.reuseOperand(inst, un_op, 0, operand_ptr)) {
                 // The MCValue that holds the pointer can be re-used as the value.
                 break :blk operand_ptr;
             } else {
                 break :blk try self.allocRegOrMem(inst, true);
             }
         };
         try self.load(operand, operand_ptr, self.air.typeOf(un_op));
         break :result try self.isErr(ptr_ty.elemType(), operand);
     };
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ un_op, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airIsNonErr(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const un_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].un_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else result: {
         const operand = try self.resolveInst(un_op);
         const ty = self.air.typeOf(un_op);
         break :result try self.isNonErr(ty, operand);
     };
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ un_op, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airIsNonErrPtr(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const un_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].un_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else result: {
         const operand_ptr = try self.resolveInst(un_op);
         const ptr_ty = self.air.typeOf(un_op);
         const operand: MCValue = blk: {
             if (self.reuseOperand(inst, un_op, 0, operand_ptr)) {
                 // The MCValue that holds the pointer can be re-used as the value.
                 break :blk operand_ptr;
             } else {
                 break :blk try self.allocRegOrMem(inst, true);
             }
         };
         try self.load(operand, operand_ptr, self.air.typeOf(un_op));
         break :result try self.isNonErr(ptr_ty.elemType(), operand);
     };
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ un_op, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airLoop(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     // A loop is a setup to be able to jump back to the beginning.
     const ty_pl = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_pl;
     const loop = self.air.extraData(Air.Block, ty_pl.payload);
     const body = self.air.extra[loop.end..][0..loop.data.body_len];
     const start_index = @intCast(u32, self.mir_instructions.len);
     try self.genBody(body);
     try self.jump(start_index);
     return self.finishAirBookkeeping();
 }
 
 /// Send control flow to `inst`.
 fn jump(self: *Self, inst: Mir.Inst.Index) !void {
     _ = try self.addInst(.{
         .tag = .b,
         .data = .{ .inst = inst },
     });
 }
 
 fn airBlock(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     try self.blocks.putNoClobber(self.gpa, inst, .{
         // A block is a setup to be able to jump to the end.
         .relocs = .{},
         // It also acts as a receptacle for break operands.
         // Here we use `MCValue.none` to represent a null value so that the first
         // break instruction will choose a MCValue for the block result and overwrite
         // this field. Following break instructions will use that MCValue to put their
         // block results.
         .mcv = MCValue{ .none = {} },
     });
     defer self.blocks.getPtr(inst).?.relocs.deinit(self.gpa);
 
     const ty_pl = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_pl;
     const extra = self.air.extraData(Air.Block, ty_pl.payload);
     const body = self.air.extra[extra.end..][0..extra.data.body_len];
     try self.genBody(body);
 
     // relocations for `br` instructions
     const relocs = &self.blocks.getPtr(inst).?.relocs;
     if (relocs.items.len > 0 and relocs.items[relocs.items.len - 1] == self.mir_instructions.len - 1) {
         // If the last Mir instruction is the last relocation (which
         // would just jump one instruction further), it can be safely
         // removed
         self.mir_instructions.orderedRemove(relocs.pop());
     }
     for (relocs.items) |reloc| {
         try self.performReloc(reloc);
     }
 
     const result = self.blocks.getPtr(inst).?.mcv;
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ .none, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airSwitch(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const pl_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].pl_op;
     const condition = pl_op.operand;
     _ = condition;
 
     return self.fail("TODO airSwitch for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
 }
 
 fn performReloc(self: *Self, inst: Mir.Inst.Index) !void {
     const tag = self.mir_instructions.items(.tag)[inst];
     switch (tag) {
         .cbz => self.mir_instructions.items(.data)[inst].r_inst.inst = @intCast(Mir.Inst.Index, self.mir_instructions.len),
         .b_cond => self.mir_instructions.items(.data)[inst].inst_cond.inst = @intCast(Mir.Inst.Index, self.mir_instructions.len),
         .b => self.mir_instructions.items(.data)[inst].inst = @intCast(Mir.Inst.Index, self.mir_instructions.len),
         else => unreachable,
     }
 }
 
 fn airBr(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const branch = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].br;
     try self.br(branch.block_inst, branch.operand);
     return self.finishAir(inst, .dead, .{ branch.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn br(self: *Self, block: Air.Inst.Index, operand: Air.Inst.Ref) !void {
     const block_data = self.blocks.getPtr(block).?;
 
     if (self.air.typeOf(operand).hasRuntimeBits()) {
         const operand_mcv = try self.resolveInst(operand);
         const block_mcv = block_data.mcv;
         if (block_mcv == .none) {
             block_data.mcv = switch (operand_mcv) {
                 .none, .dead, .unreach => unreachable,
                 .register, .stack_offset, .memory => operand_mcv,
                 .immediate => blk: {
                     const new_mcv = try self.allocRegOrMem(block, true);
                     try self.setRegOrMem(self.air.typeOfIndex(block), new_mcv, operand_mcv);
                     break :blk new_mcv;
                 },
                 else => return self.fail("TODO implement block_data.mcv = operand_mcv for {}", .{operand_mcv}),
             };
         } else {
             try self.setRegOrMem(self.air.typeOfIndex(block), block_mcv, operand_mcv);
         }
     }
     return self.brVoid(block);
 }
 
 fn brVoid(self: *Self, block: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const block_data = self.blocks.getPtr(block).?;
 
     // Emit a jump with a relocation. It will be patched up after the block ends.
     try block_data.relocs.ensureUnusedCapacity(self.gpa, 1);
 
     block_data.relocs.appendAssumeCapacity(try self.addInst(.{
         .tag = .b,
         .data = .{ .inst = undefined }, // populated later through performReloc
     }));
 }
 
 fn airAsm(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_pl = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_pl;
     const extra = self.air.extraData(Air.Asm, ty_pl.payload);
     const is_volatile = @truncate(u1, extra.data.flags >> 31) != 0;
     const clobbers_len = @truncate(u31, extra.data.flags);
     var extra_i: usize = extra.end;
     const outputs = @ptrCast([]const Air.Inst.Ref, self.air.extra[extra_i..][0..extra.data.outputs_len]);
     extra_i += outputs.len;
     const inputs = @ptrCast([]const Air.Inst.Ref, self.air.extra[extra_i..][0..extra.data.inputs_len]);
     extra_i += inputs.len;
 
     const dead = !is_volatile and self.liveness.isUnused(inst);
     const result: MCValue = if (dead) .dead else result: {
         if (outputs.len > 1) {
             return self.fail("TODO implement codegen for asm with more than 1 output", .{});
         }
 
         const output_constraint: ?[]const u8 = for (outputs) |output| {
             if (output != .none) {
                 return self.fail("TODO implement codegen for non-expr asm", .{});
             }
             const constraint = std.mem.sliceTo(std.mem.sliceAsBytes(self.air.extra[extra_i..]), 0);
             // This equation accounts for the fact that even if we have exactly 4 bytes
             // for the string, we still use the next u32 for the null terminator.
             extra_i += constraint.len / 4 + 1;
 
             break constraint;
         } else null;
 
         for (inputs) |input| {
             const input_bytes = std.mem.sliceAsBytes(self.air.extra[extra_i..]);
             const constraint = std.mem.sliceTo(input_bytes, 0);
             const input_name = std.mem.sliceTo(input_bytes[constraint.len + 1 ..], 0);
             // This equation accounts for the fact that even if we have exactly 4 bytes
             // for the string, we still use the next u32 for the null terminator.
             extra_i += (constraint.len + input_name.len + 1) / 4 + 1;
 
             if (constraint.len < 3 or constraint[0] != '{' or constraint[constraint.len - 1] != '}') {
                 return self.fail("unrecognized asm input constraint: '{s}'", .{constraint});
             }
             const reg_name = constraint[1 .. constraint.len - 1];
             const reg = parseRegName(reg_name) orelse
                 return self.fail("unrecognized register: '{s}'", .{reg_name});
 
             const arg_mcv = try self.resolveInst(input);
             try self.register_manager.getReg(reg, null);
             try self.genSetReg(self.air.typeOf(input), reg, arg_mcv);
         }
 
         {
             var clobber_i: u32 = 0;
             while (clobber_i < clobbers_len) : (clobber_i += 1) {
                 const clobber = std.mem.sliceTo(std.mem.sliceAsBytes(self.air.extra[extra_i..]), 0);
                 // This equation accounts for the fact that even if we have exactly 4 bytes
                 // for the string, we still use the next u32 for the null terminator.
                 extra_i += clobber.len / 4 + 1;
 
                 // TODO honor these
             }
         }
 
         const asm_source = std.mem.sliceAsBytes(self.air.extra[extra_i..])[0..extra.data.source_len];
 
         if (mem.eql(u8, asm_source, "svc #0")) {
             _ = try self.addInst(.{
                 .tag = .svc,
                 .data = .{ .imm16 = 0x0 },
             });
         } else if (mem.eql(u8, asm_source, "svc #0x80")) {
             _ = try self.addInst(.{
                 .tag = .svc,
                 .data = .{ .imm16 = 0x80 },
             });
         } else {
             return self.fail("TODO implement support for more aarch64 assembly instructions", .{});
         }
 
         if (output_constraint) |output| {
             if (output.len < 4 or output[0] != '=' or output[1] != '{' or output[output.len - 1] != '}') {
                 return self.fail("unrecognized asm output constraint: '{s}'", .{output});
             }
             const reg_name = output[2 .. output.len - 1];
             const reg = parseRegName(reg_name) orelse
                 return self.fail("unrecognized register: '{s}'", .{reg_name});
             break :result MCValue{ .register = reg };
         } else {
             break :result MCValue{ .none = {} };
         }
     };
 
     simple: {
         var buf = [1]Air.Inst.Ref{.none} ** (Liveness.bpi - 1);
         var buf_index: usize = 0;
         for (outputs) |output| {
             if (output == .none) continue;
 
             if (buf_index >= buf.len) break :simple;
             buf[buf_index] = output;
             buf_index += 1;
         }
         if (buf_index + inputs.len > buf.len) break :simple;
         std.mem.copy(Air.Inst.Ref, buf[buf_index..], inputs);
         return self.finishAir(inst, result, buf);
     }
     var bt = try self.iterateBigTomb(inst, outputs.len + inputs.len);
     for (outputs) |output| {
         if (output == .none) continue;
 
         bt.feed(output);
     }
     for (inputs) |input| {
         bt.feed(input);
     }
     return bt.finishAir(result);
 }
 
 fn iterateBigTomb(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index, operand_count: usize) !BigTomb {
     try self.ensureProcessDeathCapacity(operand_count + 1);
     return BigTomb{
         .function = self,
         .inst = inst,
         .lbt = self.liveness.iterateBigTomb(inst),
     };
 }
 
 /// Sets the value without any modifications to register allocation metadata or stack allocation metadata.
 fn setRegOrMem(self: *Self, ty: Type, loc: MCValue, val: MCValue) !void {
     switch (loc) {
         .none => return,
         .register => |reg| return self.genSetReg(ty, reg, val),
         .stack_offset => |off| return self.genSetStack(ty, off, val),
         .memory => {
             return self.fail("TODO implement setRegOrMem for memory", .{});
         },
         else => unreachable,
     }
 }
 
 fn genSetStack(self: *Self, ty: Type, stack_offset: u32, mcv: MCValue) InnerError!void {
     const abi_size = ty.abiSize(self.target.*);
     switch (mcv) {
         .dead => unreachable,
         .unreach, .none => return, // Nothing to do.
         .undef => {
             if (!self.wantSafety())
                 return; // The already existing value will do just fine.
             // TODO Upgrade this to a memset call when we have that available.
             switch (ty.abiSize(self.target.*)) {
                 1 => return self.genSetStack(ty, stack_offset, .{ .immediate = 0xaa }),
                 2 => return self.genSetStack(ty, stack_offset, .{ .immediate = 0xaaaa }),
                 4 => return self.genSetStack(ty, stack_offset, .{ .immediate = 0xaaaaaaaa }),
                 8 => return self.genSetStack(ty, stack_offset, .{ .immediate = 0xaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa }),
                 else => return self.fail("TODO implement memset", .{}),
             }
         },
         .compare_flags_unsigned,
         .compare_flags_signed,
         .immediate,
         .ptr_stack_offset,
         => {
             const reg = try self.copyToTmpRegister(ty, mcv);
             return self.genSetStack(ty, stack_offset, MCValue{ .register = reg });
         },
         .register => |reg| {
             switch (abi_size) {
                 1, 2, 4, 8 => {
                     const tag: Mir.Inst.Tag = switch (abi_size) {
                         1 => .strb_stack,
                         2 => .strh_stack,
                         4, 8 => .str_stack,
                         else => unreachable, // unexpected abi size
                     };
                     const rt = registerAlias(reg, abi_size);
 
                     _ = try self.addInst(.{
                         .tag = tag,
                         .data = .{ .load_store_stack = .{
                             .rt = rt,
                             .offset = @intCast(u32, stack_offset),
                         } },
                     });
                 },
                 else => return self.fail("TODO implement storing other types abi_size={}", .{abi_size}),
             }
         },
         .got_load,
         .direct_load,
         .memory,
         .stack_offset,
         => {
             switch (mcv) {
                 .stack_offset => |off| {
                     if (stack_offset == off)
                         return; // Copy stack variable to itself; nothing to do.
                 },
                 else => {},
             }
 
             if (abi_size <= 8) {
                 const reg = try self.copyToTmpRegister(ty, mcv);
                 return self.genSetStack(ty, stack_offset, MCValue{ .register = reg });
             } else {
                 var ptr_ty_payload: Type.Payload.ElemType = .{
                     .base = .{ .tag = .single_mut_pointer },
                     .data = ty,
                 };
                 const ptr_ty = Type.initPayload(&ptr_ty_payload.base);
 
                 // TODO call extern memcpy
                 const regs = try self.register_manager.allocRegs(5, .{ null, null, null, null, null });
                 self.register_manager.freezeRegs(&regs);
                 defer self.register_manager.unfreezeRegs(&regs);
 
                 const src_reg = regs[0];
                 const dst_reg = regs[1];
                 const len_reg = regs[2];
                 const count_reg = regs[3];
                 const tmp_reg = regs[4];
 
                 switch (mcv) {
                     .stack_offset => |off| {
                         // sub src_reg, fp, #off
                         try self.genSetReg(ptr_ty, src_reg, .{ .ptr_stack_offset = off });
                     },
                     .memory => |addr| try self.genSetReg(Type.usize, src_reg, .{ .immediate = addr }),
                     .got_load,
                     .direct_load,
                     => |sym_index| {
                         const tag: Mir.Inst.Tag = switch (mcv) {
                             .got_load => .load_memory_ptr_got,
                             .direct_load => .load_memory_ptr_direct,
                             else => unreachable,
                         };
                         const mod = self.bin_file.options.module.?;
                         _ = try self.addInst(.{
                             .tag = tag,
                             .data = .{
                                 .payload = try self.addExtra(Mir.LoadMemoryPie{
                                     .register = @enumToInt(src_reg),
                                     .atom_index = mod.declPtr(self.mod_fn.owner_decl).link.macho.local_sym_index,
                                     .sym_index = sym_index,
                                 }),
                             },
                         });
                     },
                     else => unreachable,
                 }
 
                 // sub dst_reg, fp, #stack_offset
                 try self.genSetReg(ptr_ty, dst_reg, .{ .ptr_stack_offset = stack_offset });
 
                 // mov len, #abi_size
                 try self.genSetReg(Type.usize, len_reg, .{ .immediate = abi_size });
 
                 // memcpy(src, dst, len)
                 try self.genInlineMemcpy(src_reg, dst_reg, len_reg, count_reg, tmp_reg);
             }
         },
     }
 }
 
 fn genSetReg(self: *Self, ty: Type, reg: Register, mcv: MCValue) InnerError!void {
     switch (mcv) {
         .dead => unreachable,
         .unreach, .none => return, // Nothing to do.
         .undef => {
             if (!self.wantSafety())
                 return; // The already existing value will do just fine.
             // Write the debug undefined value.
             switch (reg.size()) {
                 32 => return self.genSetReg(ty, reg, .{ .immediate = 0xaaaaaaaa }),
                 64 => return self.genSetReg(ty, reg, .{ .immediate = 0xaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa }),
                 else => unreachable, // unexpected register size
             }
         },
         .ptr_stack_offset => |off| {
             // TODO: maybe addressing from sp instead of fp
             const imm12 = math.cast(u12, off) catch
                 return self.fail("TODO larger stack offsets", .{});
 
             _ = try self.addInst(.{
                 .tag = .sub_immediate,
                 .data = .{ .rr_imm12_sh = .{
                     .rd = reg,
                     .rn = .x29,
                     .imm12 = imm12,
                 } },
             });
         },
         .compare_flags_unsigned,
         .compare_flags_signed,
         => |op| {
             const condition = switch (mcv) {
                 .compare_flags_unsigned => Instruction.Condition.fromCompareOperatorUnsigned(op),
                 .compare_flags_signed => Instruction.Condition.fromCompareOperatorSigned(op),
                 else => unreachable,
             };
 
             _ = try self.addInst(.{
                 .tag = .cset,
                 .data = .{ .r_cond = .{
                     .rd = reg,
                     .cond = condition.negate(),
                 } },
             });
         },
         .immediate => |x| {
             _ = try self.addInst(.{
                 .tag = .movz,
                 .data = .{ .r_imm16_sh = .{ .rd = reg, .imm16 = @truncate(u16, x) } },
             });
 
             if (x & 0x0000_0000_ffff_0000 != 0) {
                 _ = try self.addInst(.{
                     .tag = .movk,
                     .data = .{ .r_imm16_sh = .{ .rd = reg, .imm16 = @truncate(u16, x >> 16), .hw = 1 } },
                 });
             }
 
             if (reg.size() == 64) {
                 if (x & 0x0000_ffff_0000_0000 != 0) {
                     _ = try self.addInst(.{
                         .tag = .movk,
                         .data = .{ .r_imm16_sh = .{ .rd = reg, .imm16 = @truncate(u16, x >> 32), .hw = 2 } },
                     });
                 }
                 if (x & 0xffff_0000_0000_0000 != 0) {
                     _ = try self.addInst(.{
                         .tag = .movk,
                         .data = .{ .r_imm16_sh = .{ .rd = reg, .imm16 = @truncate(u16, x >> 48), .hw = 3 } },
                     });
                 }
             }
         },
         .register => |src_reg| {
             // If the registers are the same, nothing to do.
             if (src_reg.id() == reg.id())
                 return;
 
             // mov reg, src_reg
             _ = try self.addInst(.{
                 .tag = .mov_register,
                 .data = .{ .rr = .{ .rd = reg, .rn = src_reg } },
             });
         },
         .got_load,
         .direct_load,
         => |sym_index| {
             const tag: Mir.Inst.Tag = switch (mcv) {
                 .got_load => .load_memory_got,
                 .direct_load => .load_memory_direct,
                 else => unreachable,
             };
             const mod = self.bin_file.options.module.?;
             _ = try self.addInst(.{
                 .tag = tag,
                 .data = .{
                     .payload = try self.addExtra(Mir.LoadMemoryPie{
                         .register = @enumToInt(reg),
                         .atom_index = mod.declPtr(self.mod_fn.owner_decl).link.macho.local_sym_index,
                         .sym_index = sym_index,
                     }),
                 },
             });
         },
         .memory => |addr| {
             // The value is in memory at a hard-coded address.
             // If the type is a pointer, it means the pointer address is at this memory location.
             try self.genSetReg(ty, reg.to64(), .{ .immediate = addr });
             try self.genLdrRegister(reg, reg.to64(), ty);
         },
         .stack_offset => |off| {
             const abi_size = ty.abiSize(self.target.*);
 
             switch (abi_size) {
                 1, 2, 4, 8 => {
                     const tag: Mir.Inst.Tag = switch (abi_size) {
                         1 => if (ty.isSignedInt()) Mir.Inst.Tag.ldrsb_stack else .ldrb_stack,
                         2 => if (ty.isSignedInt()) Mir.Inst.Tag.ldrsh_stack else .ldrh_stack,
                         4, 8 => .ldr_stack,
                         else => unreachable, // unexpected abi size
                     };
 
                     _ = try self.addInst(.{
                         .tag = tag,
                         .data = .{ .load_store_stack = .{
                             .rt = reg,
                             .offset = @intCast(u32, off),
                         } },
                     });
                 },
                 3, 5, 6, 7 => return self.fail("TODO implement genSetReg types size {}", .{abi_size}),
                 else => unreachable,
             }
         },
     }
 }
 
 fn airPtrToInt(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const un_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].un_op;
     const result = try self.resolveInst(un_op);
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ un_op, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airBitCast(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result = try self.resolveInst(ty_op.operand);
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airArrayToSlice(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else result: {
         const ptr_ty = self.air.typeOf(ty_op.operand);
         const ptr = try self.resolveInst(ty_op.operand);
         const array_ty = ptr_ty.childType();
         const array_len = @intCast(u32, array_ty.arrayLen());
 
         const ptr_bits = self.target.cpu.arch.ptrBitWidth();
         const ptr_bytes = @divExact(ptr_bits, 8);
 
         const stack_offset = try self.allocMem(inst, ptr_bytes * 2, ptr_bytes * 2);
         try self.genSetStack(ptr_ty, stack_offset, ptr);
         try self.genSetStack(Type.initTag(.usize), stack_offset - ptr_bytes, .{ .immediate = array_len });
         break :result MCValue{ .stack_offset = stack_offset };
     };
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airIntToFloat(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement airIntToFloat for {}", .{
         self.target.cpu.arch,
     });
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airFloatToInt(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement airFloatToInt for {}", .{
         self.target.cpu.arch,
     });
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airCmpxchg(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_pl = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_pl;
     const extra = self.air.extraData(Air.Block, ty_pl.payload);
     _ = extra;
 
     return self.fail("TODO implement airCmpxchg for {}", .{
         self.target.cpu.arch,
     });
 }
 
 fn airAtomicRmw(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     _ = inst;
     return self.fail("TODO implement airCmpxchg for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
 }
 
 fn airAtomicLoad(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     _ = inst;
     return self.fail("TODO implement airAtomicLoad for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
 }
 
 fn airAtomicStore(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index, order: std.builtin.AtomicOrder) !void {
     _ = inst;
     _ = order;
     return self.fail("TODO implement airAtomicStore for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
 }
 
 fn airMemset(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     _ = inst;
     return self.fail("TODO implement airMemset for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
 }
 
 fn airMemcpy(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     _ = inst;
     return self.fail("TODO implement airMemcpy for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
 }
 
 fn airTagName(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const un_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].un_op;
     const operand = try self.resolveInst(un_op);
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else {
         _ = operand;
         return self.fail("TODO implement airTagName for aarch64", .{});
     };
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ un_op, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airErrorName(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const un_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].un_op;
     const operand = try self.resolveInst(un_op);
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else {
         _ = operand;
         return self.fail("TODO implement airErrorName for aarch64", .{});
     };
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ un_op, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airSplat(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement airSplat for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airSelect(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const pl_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].pl_op;
     const extra = self.air.extraData(Air.Bin, pl_op.payload).data;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement airSelect for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ pl_op.operand, extra.lhs, extra.rhs });
 }
 
 fn airShuffle(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_op;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement airShuffle for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ ty_op.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airReduce(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const reduce = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].reduce;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else return self.fail("TODO implement airReduce for aarch64", .{});
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ reduce.operand, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airAggregateInit(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const vector_ty = self.air.typeOfIndex(inst);
     const len = vector_ty.vectorLen();
     const ty_pl = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_pl;
     const elements = @ptrCast([]const Air.Inst.Ref, self.air.extra[ty_pl.payload..][0..len]);
     const result: MCValue = res: {
         if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) break :res MCValue.dead;
         return self.fail("TODO implement airAggregateInit for {}", .{self.target.cpu.arch});
     };
 
     if (elements.len <= Liveness.bpi - 1) {
         var buf = [1]Air.Inst.Ref{.none} ** (Liveness.bpi - 1);
         std.mem.copy(Air.Inst.Ref, &buf, elements);
         return self.finishAir(inst, result, buf);
     }
     var bt = try self.iterateBigTomb(inst, elements.len);
     for (elements) |elem| {
         bt.feed(elem);
     }
     return bt.finishAir(result);
 }
 
 fn airUnionInit(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const ty_pl = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].ty_pl;
     const extra = self.air.extraData(Air.UnionInit, ty_pl.payload).data;
     _ = extra;
     return self.fail("TODO implement airUnionInit for aarch64", .{});
 }
 
 fn airPrefetch(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const prefetch = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].prefetch;
     return self.finishAir(inst, MCValue.dead, .{ prefetch.ptr, .none, .none });
 }
 
 fn airMulAdd(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) !void {
     const pl_op = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst].pl_op;
     const extra = self.air.extraData(Air.Bin, pl_op.payload).data;
     const result: MCValue = if (self.liveness.isUnused(inst)) .dead else {
         return self.fail("TODO implement airMulAdd for aarch64", .{});
     };
     return self.finishAir(inst, result, .{ extra.lhs, extra.rhs, pl_op.operand });
 }
 
 fn resolveInst(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Ref) InnerError!MCValue {
     // First section of indexes correspond to a set number of constant values.
     const ref_int = @enumToInt(inst);
     if (ref_int < Air.Inst.Ref.typed_value_map.len) {
         const tv = Air.Inst.Ref.typed_value_map[ref_int];
         if (!tv.ty.hasRuntimeBits()) {
             return MCValue{ .none = {} };
         }
         return self.genTypedValue(tv);
     }
 
     // If the type has no codegen bits, no need to store it.
     const inst_ty = self.air.typeOf(inst);
     if (!inst_ty.hasRuntimeBits())
         return MCValue{ .none = {} };
 
     const inst_index = @intCast(Air.Inst.Index, ref_int - Air.Inst.Ref.typed_value_map.len);
     switch (self.air.instructions.items(.tag)[inst_index]) {
         .constant => {
             // Constants have static lifetimes, so they are always memoized in the outer most table.
             const branch = &self.branch_stack.items[0];
             const gop = try branch.inst_table.getOrPut(self.gpa, inst_index);
             if (!gop.found_existing) {
                 const ty_pl = self.air.instructions.items(.data)[inst_index].ty_pl;
                 gop.value_ptr.* = try self.genTypedValue(.{
                     .ty = inst_ty,
                     .val = self.air.values[ty_pl.payload],
                 });
             }
             return gop.value_ptr.*;
         },
         .const_ty => unreachable,
         else => return self.getResolvedInstValue(inst_index),
     }
 }
 
 fn getResolvedInstValue(self: *Self, inst: Air.Inst.Index) MCValue {
     // Treat each stack item as a "layer" on top of the previous one.
     var i: usize = self.branch_stack.items.len;
     while (true) {
         i -= 1;
         if (self.branch_stack.items[i].inst_table.get(inst)) |mcv| {
             assert(mcv != .dead);
             return mcv;
         }
     }
 }
 
 fn lowerDeclRef(self: *Self, tv: TypedValue, decl_index: Module.Decl.Index) InnerError!MCValue {
     const ptr_bits = self.target.cpu.arch.ptrBitWidth();
     const ptr_bytes: u64 = @divExact(ptr_bits, 8);
 
     // TODO this feels clunky. Perhaps we should check for it in `genTypedValue`?
     if (tv.ty.zigTypeTag() == .Pointer) blk: {
         if (tv.ty.castPtrToFn()) |_| break :blk;
         if (!tv.ty.elemType2().hasRuntimeBits()) {
             return MCValue.none;
         }
     }
 
     const mod = self.bin_file.options.module.?;
     const decl = mod.declPtr(decl_index);
     mod.markDeclAlive(decl);
 
     if (self.bin_file.cast(link.File.Elf)) |elf_file| {
         const got = &elf_file.program_headers.items[elf_file.phdr_got_index.?];
         const got_addr = got.p_vaddr + decl.link.elf.offset_table_index * ptr_bytes;
         return MCValue{ .memory = got_addr };
     } else if (self.bin_file.cast(link.File.MachO)) |_| {
         // Because MachO is PIE-always-on, we defer memory address resolution until
         // the linker has enough info to perform relocations.
         assert(decl.link.macho.local_sym_index != 0);
         return MCValue{ .got_load = decl.link.macho.local_sym_index };
     } else if (self.bin_file.cast(link.File.Coff)) |coff_file| {
         const got_addr = coff_file.offset_table_virtual_address + decl.link.coff.offset_table_index * ptr_bytes;
         return MCValue{ .memory = got_addr };
     } else if (self.bin_file.cast(link.File.Plan9)) |p9| {
         try p9.seeDecl(decl_index);
         const got_addr = p9.bases.data + decl.link.plan9.got_index.? * ptr_bytes;
         return MCValue{ .memory = got_addr };
     } else {
         return self.fail("TODO codegen non-ELF const Decl pointer", .{});
     }
     _ = tv;
 }
 
 fn lowerUnnamedConst(self: *Self, tv: TypedValue) InnerError!MCValue {
     log.debug("lowerUnnamedConst: ty = {}, val = {}", .{ tv.ty.fmtDebug(), tv.val.fmtDebug() });
     const local_sym_index = self.bin_file.lowerUnnamedConst(tv, self.mod_fn.owner_decl) catch |err| {
         return self.fail("lowering unnamed constant failed: {s}", .{@errorName(err)});
     };
     if (self.bin_file.cast(link.File.Elf)) |elf_file| {
         const vaddr = elf_file.local_symbols.items[local_sym_index].st_value;
         return MCValue{ .memory = vaddr };
     } else if (self.bin_file.cast(link.File.MachO)) |_| {
         return MCValue{ .direct_load = local_sym_index };
     } else if (self.bin_file.cast(link.File.Coff)) |_| {
         return self.fail("TODO lower unnamed const in COFF", .{});
     } else if (self.bin_file.cast(link.File.Plan9)) |_| {
         return self.fail("TODO lower unnamed const in Plan9", .{});
     } else {
         return self.fail("TODO lower unnamed const", .{});
     }
 }
 
 fn genTypedValue(self: *Self, typed_value: TypedValue) InnerError!MCValue {
     if (typed_value.val.isUndef())
         return MCValue{ .undef = {} };
 
     if (typed_value.val.castTag(.decl_ref)) |payload| {
         return self.lowerDeclRef(typed_value, payload.data);
     }
     if (typed_value.val.castTag(.decl_ref_mut)) |payload| {
         return self.lowerDeclRef(typed_value, payload.data.decl_index);
     }
     const target = self.target.*;
 
     switch (typed_value.ty.zigTypeTag()) {
         .Pointer => switch (typed_value.ty.ptrSize()) {
             .Slice => {
                 return self.lowerUnnamedConst(typed_value);
             },
             else => {
                 switch (typed_value.val.tag()) {
                     .int_u64 => {
                         return MCValue{ .immediate = typed_value.val.toUnsignedInt(target) };
                     },
                     .slice => {
                         return self.lowerUnnamedConst(typed_value);
                     },
                     else => {
                         return self.fail("TODO codegen more kinds of const pointers: {}", .{typed_value.val.tag()});
                     },
                 }
             },
         },
         .Int => {
             const info = typed_value.ty.intInfo(self.target.*);
             if (info.bits <= 64) {
                 const unsigned = switch (info.signedness) {
                     .signed => blk: {
                         const signed = typed_value.val.toSignedInt();
                         break :blk @bitCast(u64, signed);
                     },
                     .unsigned => typed_value.val.toUnsignedInt(target),
                 };
 
                 return MCValue{ .immediate = unsigned };
             } else {
                 return self.lowerUnnamedConst(typed_value);
             }
         },
         .Bool => {
             return MCValue{ .immediate = @boolToInt(typed_value.val.toBool()) };
         },
         .ComptimeInt => unreachable, // semantic analysis prevents this
         .ComptimeFloat => unreachable, // semantic analysis prevents this
         .Optional => {
             if (typed_value.ty.isPtrLikeOptional()) {
                 if (typed_value.val.isNull())
                     return MCValue{ .immediate = 0 };
 
                 var buf: Type.Payload.ElemType = undefined;
                 return self.genTypedValue(.{
                     .ty = typed_value.ty.optionalChild(&buf),
                     .val = typed_value.val,
                 });
             } else if (typed_value.ty.abiSize(self.target.*) == 1) {
                 return MCValue{ .immediate = @boolToInt(typed_value.val.isNull()) };
             }
             return self.fail("TODO non pointer optionals", .{});
         },
         .Enum => {
             if (typed_value.val.castTag(.enum_field_index)) |field_index| {
                 switch (typed_value.ty.tag()) {
                     .enum_simple => {
                         return MCValue{ .immediate = field_index.data };
                     },
                     .enum_full, .enum_nonexhaustive => {
                         const enum_full = typed_value.ty.cast(Type.Payload.EnumFull).?.data;
                         if (enum_full.values.count() != 0) {
                             const tag_val = enum_full.values.keys()[field_index.data];
                             return self.genTypedValue(.{ .ty = enum_full.tag_ty, .val = tag_val });
                         } else {
                             return MCValue{ .immediate = field_index.data };
                         }
                     },
                     else => unreachable,
                 }
             } else {
                 var int_tag_buffer: Type.Payload.Bits = undefined;
                 const int_tag_ty = typed_value.ty.intTagType(&int_tag_buffer);
                 return self.genTypedValue(.{ .ty = int_tag_ty, .val = typed_value.val });
             }
         },
         .ErrorSet => {
             const err_name = typed_value.val.castTag(.@"error").?.data.name;
             const module = self.bin_file.options.module.?;
             const global_error_set = module.global_error_set;
             const error_index = global_error_set.get(err_name).?;
             return MCValue{ .immediate = error_index };
         },
         .ErrorUnion => {
             const error_type = typed_value.ty.errorUnionSet();
             const payload_type = typed_value.ty.errorUnionPayload();
 
             if (typed_value.val.castTag(.eu_payload)) |pl| {
                 if (!payload_type.hasRuntimeBits()) {
                     // We use the error type directly as the type.
                     return MCValue{ .immediate = 0 };
                 }
 
                 _ = pl;
                 return self.fail("TODO implement error union const of type '{}' (non-error)", .{typed_value.ty.fmtDebug()});
             } else {
                 if (!payload_type.hasRuntimeBits()) {
                     // We use the error type directly as the type.
                     return self.genTypedValue(.{ .ty = error_type, .val = typed_value.val });
                 }
 
                 return self.fail("TODO implement error union const of type '{}' (error)", .{typed_value.ty.fmtDebug()});
             }
         },
         .Struct => {
             return self.lowerUnnamedConst(typed_value);
         },
         else => return self.fail("TODO implement const of type '{}'", .{typed_value.ty.fmtDebug()}),
     }
 }
 
 const CallMCValues = struct {
     args: []MCValue,
     return_value: MCValue,
     stack_byte_count: u32,
     stack_align: u32,
 
     fn deinit(self: *CallMCValues, func: *Self) void {
         func.gpa.free(self.args);
         self.* = undefined;
     }
 };
 
 /// Caller must call `CallMCValues.deinit`.
 fn resolveCallingConventionValues(self: *Self, fn_ty: Type) !CallMCValues {
     const cc = fn_ty.fnCallingConvention();
     const param_types = try self.gpa.alloc(Type, fn_ty.fnParamLen());
     defer self.gpa.free(param_types);
     fn_ty.fnParamTypes(param_types);
     var result: CallMCValues = .{
         .args = try self.gpa.alloc(MCValue, param_types.len),
         // These undefined values must be populated before returning from this function.
         .return_value = undefined,
         .stack_byte_count = undefined,
         .stack_align = undefined,
     };
     errdefer self.gpa.free(result.args);
 
     const ret_ty = fn_ty.fnReturnType();
 
     switch (cc) {
         .Naked => {
             assert(result.args.len == 0);
             result.return_value = .{ .unreach = {} };
             result.stack_byte_count = 0;
             result.stack_align = 1;
             return result;
         },
         .Unspecified, .C => {
             // ARM64 Procedure Call Standard
             var ncrn: usize = 0; // Next Core Register Number
             var nsaa: u32 = 0; // Next stacked argument address
 
             for (param_types) |ty, i| {
                 const param_size = @intCast(u32, ty.abiSize(self.target.*));
                 if (param_size == 0) {
                     result.args[i] = .{ .none = {} };
                     continue;
                 }
 
                 // We round up NCRN only for non-Apple platforms which allow the 16-byte aligned
                 // values to spread across odd-numbered registers.
                 if (ty.abiAlignment(self.target.*) == 16 and !self.target.isDarwin()) {
                     // Round up NCRN to the next even number
                     ncrn += ncrn % 2;
                 }
 
                 if (std.math.divCeil(u32, param_size, 8) catch unreachable <= 8 - ncrn) {
                     if (param_size <= 8) {
                         result.args[i] = .{ .register = registerAlias(c_abi_int_param_regs[ncrn], param_size) };
                         ncrn += 1;
                     } else {
                         return self.fail("TODO MCValues with multiple registers", .{});
                     }
                 } else if (ncrn < 8 and nsaa == 0) {
                     return self.fail("TODO MCValues split between registers and stack", .{});
                 } else {
                     ncrn = 8;
                     // TODO Apple allows the arguments on the stack to be non-8-byte aligned provided
                     // that the entire stack space consumed by the arguments is 8-byte aligned.
                     if (ty.abiAlignment(self.target.*) == 8) {
                         if (nsaa % 8 != 0) {
                             nsaa += 8 - (nsaa % 8);
                         }
                     }
 
                     result.args[i] = .{ .stack_offset = nsaa };
                     nsaa += param_size;
                 }
             }
 
             result.stack_byte_count = nsaa;
             result.stack_align = 16;
         },
         else => return self.fail("TODO implement function parameters for {} on aarch64", .{cc}),
     }
 
     if (ret_ty.zigTypeTag() == .NoReturn) {
         result.return_value = .{ .unreach = {} };
     } else if (!ret_ty.hasRuntimeBits()) {
         result.return_value = .{ .none = {} };
     } else switch (cc) {
         .Naked => unreachable,
         .Unspecified, .C => {
             const ret_ty_size = @intCast(u32, ret_ty.abiSize(self.target.*));
             if (ret_ty_size <= 8) {
                 result.return_value = .{ .register = registerAlias(c_abi_int_return_regs[0], ret_ty_size) };
             } else {
                 return self.fail("TODO support more return types for ARM backend", .{});
             }
         },
         else => return self.fail("TODO implement function return values for {}", .{cc}),
     }
     return result;
 }
 
 /// TODO support scope overrides. Also note this logic is duplicated with `Module.wantSafety`.
 fn wantSafety(self: *Self) bool {
     return switch (self.bin_file.options.optimize_mode) {
         .Debug => true,
         .ReleaseSafe => true,
         .ReleaseFast => false,
         .ReleaseSmall => false,
     };
 }
 
 fn fail(self: *Self, comptime format: []const u8, args: anytype) InnerError {
     @setCold(true);
     assert(self.err_msg == null);
     self.err_msg = try ErrorMsg.create(self.bin_file.allocator, self.src_loc, format, args);
     return error.CodegenFail;
 }
 
 fn failSymbol(self: *Self, comptime format: []const u8, args: anytype) InnerError {
     @setCold(true);
     assert(self.err_msg == null);
     self.err_msg = try ErrorMsg.create(self.bin_file.allocator, self.src_loc, format, args);
     return error.CodegenFail;
 }
 
 fn parseRegName(name: []const u8) ?Register {
     if (@hasDecl(Register, "parseRegName")) {
         return Register.parseRegName(name);
     }
     return std.meta.stringToEnum(Register, name);
 }
 
 fn registerAlias(reg: Register, size_bytes: u64) Register {
     if (size_bytes == 0) {
         unreachable; // should be comptime known
     } else if (size_bytes <= 4) {
         return reg.to32();
     } else if (size_bytes <= 8) {
         return reg.to64();
     } else {
         unreachable; // TODO handle floating-point registers
     }
 }
 
 /// Resolves any aliased registers to the 64-bit wide ones.
 fn toCanonicalReg(reg: Register) Register {
     return reg.to64();
 }